Jacobs Division Essay Example For Students

Jacobs Division Essay 1. Should the Silicone-X venture be attempted? Why/why not? In the wake of finishing the examination and checking on the NPVs and IRRs for every alternative, work escalated and capital concentrated, Soderberg ought to suggest that the Jacobs division push ahead with creation of Silicon-X utilizing the work serious choice. The NPV and IRR techniques settle on similar choices whenever utilized for free ventures in any case, since these undertakings are fundamentally unrelated, the best NPV alternative ought to be utilized. For this situation the NPV for the work escalated choice is certain at twelve percent, sixteen percent and 20% while the capital alternative is just positive at twelve percent and sixteen percent. The work escalated choice meets the desires for both the organization rules and Mr. Reynolds’ individual direction for the Jacobs Division. The organization rules express that an arrival of sixteen percent for new items or procedures is normal and Mr. Reynolds direction is that he â€Å"tended to search for in any event 4 percent more than the organization standard before getting eager about a task. With the work serious choice, the Silicone-X task ought to be embraced. One of the key focal points that say something favor of undertaking the Silicone-X venture, outside of the NPV assessment, is that with the work concentrated alternative, Silicone-X could be available inside a year. With the capital-serious choice the plant will probably take â€Å"two years to get the plant on stre am, and the first year’s working volume was probably going to be low-maybe 700,000 pounds and no more. † So, with the capital alternative plant, the initial two years would have zero creation and the third year would have just about 66% the plant as unused limit. Soderberg states that he is uncertain of the interest for Silicone-X and demonstrates that the interest could be as low as 500,000 pounds and as high as 2 million pounds. If Silicone-X just creates request of 500,000 pounds, the staying 66% of capital-concentrated plant is squandered limit. For the work serious plant, if request should drop, staff could be laid-off diminishing expenses. The issue emerges with the work escalated plant if request surpasses 1. 5 million pounds. In case of expanded interest, expanded creation needs can be tended to with extra moves or initiating a multi day working calendar with three working movements. In both the work concentrated and capital-serious choices, the equal the initial investment point at a for every pound cost of $1. 90 will probably happen in the primary year of creation which as expressed before will happen inside a time of the choice to push ahead with Silicone-X. The work serious choice make back the initial investment point is at 540,000 pounds which will probably be practiced before the finish of the main year of creation. On the other hand, the equal the initial investment point for the capital-escalated alternative will be at 325,900 which, even in the best situation, will happen a year after creation would begin at the work concentrated plant. Soderberg is worried about the presentation of rivalry and the valuing for Silicone-X. In industry, it is ideal to be first to the market with your item, and in the event that this is absurd, at that point your item ought to be unrivaled. On account of Silicone-X, there is no patent security and there is no predictable item that is unrivaled, it is significant that the organization that makes this item available to be purchased be first to the market. For this situation, rivalry will probably take a year to equip after the presentation of Silicone-X giving the Jacobs Division two years of rivalry free deals. After the underlying 540,000 pounds, the rest of the deals are benefit. If this item doesn't exceed expectations in the commercial center, the underlying capital expense for the work serious choice would not be lost as this gear is truly versatile. This isn't the situation for the capital-concentrated choice, where this gear would almost certainly be sold at a critical misfortune. From the data introduced over, the work serious alternative is the best way ahead for the creation of Silicone-X. There is little hazard with pushing ahead with this undertaking as the hardware could be utilized somewhere else inside the division if this task ought to come up short. Also, rivalry would not be an issues as the earn back the original investment point for the work concentrated alternative will happen in year one and rivalry will probably take an extra year to set up a plant for creation, two years on the off chance that they utilize a capital escalated plant. The work serious plant meets the NPV desires set by the MacFadden Company rules and the desires laid forward by the leader of the Jacobs Division, Mr. Reynolds. Since the work concentrated alternative meets both of these desires, Soderberg should push ahead with the proposal for the work escalated choice. 2. On the off chance that the task goes ahead, should the work or capital-serious plant be utilized to create it? Presently accepting that the venture goes ahead, one of two decisions must be made in regards to the arrangements for the plant. Either the organization structures the work escalated or the capital-concentrated plant. Both have positive and negative angles, yet the work serious plant is by all accounts the better of the two decisions. This isn't a conspicuous decision, so it is important to think about the upsides and downsides of the two plants so as to arrive at an authentic resolution. To begin with, it is essential to see what kinds of items are as of now being fabricated inside the Jacobs Division. Jacobs Division has practical experience in creating a wide assortment of items, none of which make over $5 million dollars. Ordinarily this division sells littler measures of an item, since they don't focus on one substance as do different divisions of MacFadden. The work serious plant is nearer to Jacob’s regular model sort, since it would deliver a littler measure of synthetic compounds, at first 1. 5 million pounds, while the capital-concentrated plant would deliver 2 million pounds for each year. The expense to extend is one of negatives of the work escalated plant, when contrasted with the capital-serious plant, however huge development doesn't appear to be the pattern on the off chance that we take a gander at Jacob’s history. Another huge factor in choosing which plant to utilize is to consider who will make the last endorsement in choosing whether or not the item goes ahead. Mr. Favor Me Ultima Character Growth EssayStrengths: 1. ) Lower fire up costs; 2. ) Faster recuperation of hardware expense, tax benefits a choice should extend come up short (as per Soderberg, fire up expenses and misfortunes are the genuine hazard) Weaknesses: 1. ) Limited creation limit of 1. 5 million pounds every year; troubleshooting costs $50,000 ; 2. ) needs 540,000 pounds of deals to earn back the original investment (versus Capital Intensive †325,900) Opportunities: 1. ) Positive present qualities contrasted and negative present estimations of 20% and 8%, looked appealing; 2. ) Will function admirably just if request is low and give a higher pace of return Threats: 1. Statistical surveying demonstrates once item got built up, normal interest would likely develop at a solid rate, maybe 10% every year in which this model can't oblige on the grounds that it would be too expensive to even consider expanding monetarily ($50,000 for 100,000 pounds versus work escalated cost woul d be $25,000 for an extra 100,000 pounds); 2. ) Furthermore, with foreseen development, this undertaking is on stream in one year’s time so without patent security, there is a danger for rivalry where this model can't bring down evaluating without agreeing lossâ€if cost per pound fell by $0. 0, this model would not make back the initial investment except if 900,000 pounds were sold; 3. ). The $1. 90 is a value that welcomes competitionâ€competitors would be happy with a low pace of return and join the market, anyway the adaptability to bring down the cost could debilitate them. This model can't stand to go lower than $1. 90. Capital-Intensive Model Strengths: 1. ) With this model, fabricating expenses would be decreased by $0. 35 for each unit and fixed expenses by $100,000, barring deterioration; 2. ) Plant prepared can deal with 2. 0 million pounds, the most reduced volume for which proper hardware could be obtained; 3. On a breakeven investigation, this appears the m ost secure approach to begin wherein it just needs 325,900 pounds of deals to earn back the original investment versus Labor Intensive’s 540,000 pounds. Shortcomings: 1. ) Requires enormous capital expense (as per Soderberg, fire up costs a misfortunes are the genuine dangers); 2. ) The hardware is particular so if tasks fizzled, Jacobs could just utilize $400,000 of this apparatus for other organization exercises; 3. ) Its parity had a rescue estimation of $800,000 and investigating expenses of $100,000; 3. ) At 20% NPV, it has an enormous negative present worth; 4. From a complete return see, this doesn't look adequate for Reynolds Opportunities: 1. ) At 8% NPV, looks essentially better than work serious; 2. ) This model can undoubtedly build creation to satisfy needs of deals; 3. ) Market research accepts that once this item gets set up, the normal interest will develop at a wellbeing rate leveling off following 8-10 years; 3. ) If request develops, this technique is bette r than work escalated Threats: 1. ) Even at 8% NPV, Reynolds is searching for a 4% pad in projections; 2. ) Though this model can undoubtedly alter for high creation requests, it is reliant upon deals; 3. There is no patent assurance so in the principal year, it might be hard to recover forthright expenses, be that as it may on the off chance that it can keep up tasks long haul with great deals, the hazard will be remunerated. This relies upon which strategy for plants is utilized. In the event that you go with the work serious, it is practically difficult to bring down the cost. It was imagined that bringing down the cost wasn’t going to influence the deals in the event that it was simply you fabricating the item. The issue came in if contenders figured out how to make the item for less by utilizing the capital serious strategy. By puttin

The Great Gatsby: “It is Nick who makes Jay Gatsby into The Great Gatsby”

The equivocal â€Å"greatness† of Jay Gatsby is granted to the peruser through the musings and perceptions of Nick Carraway, a character who is by and by engaged with the many-sided occasions and connections included in the plot. He is along these lines a great decision of storyteller as this participatory job places him adjacent to the ‘great' namesake of the book, which is basically how he seems to depict the hopeful, materialistic but then innocent character of Jay Gatsby. In utilizing Nick as such a gadget, Fitzgerald presents an understanding into Gatsby which is slowly evolved from vagueness to reverence as he refines Nick's observation all through the ‘riotous outing'- as Nick figuratively portrays the activity of the novel †and sets up his frequently negative point of view toward the self-centeredness, avarice and good defilement of American culture. Scratch is advantageously ready to secure this individual information on Gatsby through his congeniality, making different characters trust in him through his tendency â€Å"to save judgement†. Nonetheless, his pessimistic judgment of society (from which Gatsby is ‘exempt') incidentally repudiates his underlying case to unprejudiced nature, and Nick keeps on making a decision about individuals from there on. This uncovers his perspective to be progressively emotional and loans his character the ideals of being practical, along these lines having human failings which inspire an increasingly complete persona, and not just a mouthpiece for Fitzgerald's contemplations. In any case, secretly, he additionally conveys the creator's judgment of 20's general public as his own, since Fitzgerald has fused such decisions into his character, making the fantasy of an unprejudiced storyteller while seeking after his sarcastic judgment of the Jazz Age and his evident esteem of the vision verifiable in the American Dream (spoke to by Gatsby's unthinkable positive thinking). Surely, Fitzgerald's utilization of this â€Å"intelligent yet thoughtful observer† at the focal point of occasions â€Å"makes for the absolute most invaluable qualities in fiction† (William Troy, 1945). The estimations of â€Å"economy and intensity† are accomplished by his focal job in occasions, while â€Å"suspense† is accomplished through Nick's own defect of not completely seeing Gatsby's character, causing disclosures about Gatsby's over a wide span of time to be continuous and striking. We consider especially how Gatsby â€Å"came alive† to Nick in Chapter 4 through Jordan's thinking back, and of how, in Chapter 9, disclosures are as yet made after his demise, (for example, the calendar drew out into the open by Gatsby's dad) which combine Nick's regard for his broad aspiration. Scratch's impression of Gatsby is restricted in specific angles as the last is a questionable character, however this fragmented information doesn't hinder Nick's certain view, which creates from not knowing Gatsby at all to respecting him for his oddly honorable, if deceptive, dream. Gatsby's uncertainty basically fills interest in Nick, who utilizes the adulatory descriptive word â€Å"gorgeous† to portray him, and continues in his account to look for the purpose behind this fascination in the secret of Gatsby. The clear predisposition introduced in Nick's portrayal may likewise be because of numerous associations felt with Gatsby because of similitudes between both their characters and Fitzgerald himself: a significant number of Gatsby's attributes are frequently Fitzgerald's own, consolidated into his character close by Nick's. Similarly as the creator had battled in the war, so have his characters, a reality which had removed Daisy from Gatsby and fervor away from Nick's life as he â€Å"came back restless†. The two of them look to recover these things, Nick by coming East and Gatsby by reacquiring Daisy's affection. Scratch sympathizes with Gatsby's yearning, and here maybe Fitzgerald consolidates his own understanding of losing the expressions of love of his first love, Ginevra King, this disappointment in accomplishing his own fantasy uncovering inclination in the creator himself. This might be the purpose behind the creator placing that Gatsby is â€Å"great† while likewise dazzling his negative conclusion on the reasons for the two his and Gatsby's disappointment †for this situation society, and the class contrasts which blocked Fitzgerald's relationship with the wealthier King. In the more extensive setting of social parody, this differentiation among dreams and disappointment is practically equivalent to the rich and poor inside American culture, and is depicted through the fairly clear imagery of the â€Å"Valley of Ashes† whose awkward vicinity to the higher class Eggs frontal areas the immense dissimilarity among rich and poor in the Roaring Twenties. At first Nick just sees the obvious side of Gatsby †his material belongings and his gatherings where visitors â€Å"came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars† in Chapter 3. He portrays the gatherings as illusory, maybe mirroring Gatsby's point of view, and enticing, as riches was in 1920s America. Fitzgerald's likeness of the visitors being creepy crawly like communicates Nick's perception of the shallow realism and indecency of American culture (accentuated in the previous citation by the sibilance of â€Å"whisperings†), as they are just enticed by Gatsby's riches, attracted like moths to his light, while making Gatsby appear to be some way or another convincing and better than them as they spin around him In direct differentiation to such shallowness, Fitzgerald uncovers Nick's appreciation for Gatsby's â€Å"romantic readiness†, and his â€Å"infinite hope† in his optimistic love of Daisy, to additionally construct the â€Å"great† component of Gatsby's character as it is found. This part of Gatsby, when presented, additionally makes him â€Å"more real† (EK 1925) and compassionate, than American culture of the time, as his fantasy is uncovered to be for affection, not material status. These idyllic portrayals, however likewise utilized ‘in request to convince us that Gatsby is a man of beautiful sensibility†, don't infer that â€Å"Fitzgerald takes the risky, no-hands course of basically saying so† as Kenneth Tynan (1974) states. Truth be told, Nick's sure assessments of Gatsby are grown unobtrusively and suggested all through occasions in the plot. These bit by bit fabricate the impression of Gatsby's innovative and wonderful reasonableness, for example, Nick's disclosure of his vision with respect to Daisy's adoration. On occasion, such uses of wonderful story delineations balance strongly with the dull, uncovered depiction of the more unfortunate segments of society. To this end, light is utilized by Nick in positive depictions all through the novel, his own and Fitzgerald's interest with present day advancements of his time anticipated through Nick's attentive and respecting documentation of spots lit by electric lighting, for example, Gatsby's home which was ‘blazing with light,' and the significant image of Gatsby's â€Å"hope† for Daisy's adoration †the representative green light toward the finish of Daisy's dock, eventually portrayed, with feel sorry for, as a â€Å"illusion. Light is in this way utilized in an image of both Nick's profound respect felt at Gatsby's â€Å"hope†, and his compassion for what it's worth for a unimportant sentimental objective (love), which ignores Gatsby's material unmistakable quality. Scratch additionally well analyzes Gatsby to a seis mograph; a ‘intricate' gadget driven by obscure/seen powers which mirrors Nick's own impression of him. This relationship isn't simply a â€Å"apt†¦ image for the human reasonableness in an automated age† (Edwin S. Fussell 1952), demonstrating Nick's emphasis on material turns of events; it is additionally unmistakably used to highlight his feelings on how outstanding Gatsby's â€Å"heightened sensibility† is. Scratch's utilization of such correlations additionally proposes the vagueness in his rendering of Gatsby. Scratch just makes us mindful of Gatsby's character in deliberately positioned story components. These arranged disclosures, however uncovering parts of Gatsby that allude to guiltiness (like his exercises in Chicago and different bits of gossip) at the same time stress his praiseworthy characteristics, for example, his prizing of Daisy's adoration. Without a doubt, Nick's portrayal progressively disregards Gatsby's defects, the two his and Fitzgerald's perspectives progressively shading the story and throwing Gatsby's fantasy in a positive light. By making this compassion with Gatsby, Fitzgerald viably conveys the extraordinary disillusionment felt at the interruption of reality on optimism in the last parts of the novel, and compassion toward the disappointment of Gatsby's fantasy is summoned. Plainly, however Maxwell E Perkins (1924) feels that Gatsby's equivocalness is â€Å"mistaken† as it makes his character progressively amorphous, Fitzgerald really utilizes this as a fundamental strategy for bringing the peruser into a conspicuous topic of fantasy, a definitive figment being love itself. The otherworldliness of Gatsby is additionally used to empower Nick's â€Å"growth in moral perception† (Troy 1945) which Troy portrays as a â€Å"necessity† in such a storyteller; Nick step by step sees Gatsby's â€Å"moral† side-his â€Å"innate purity†, and society's absence of this in examination, in this manner preferring Gatsby and giving some validity to EK's assessment of Gatsby being â€Å"more real† than different characters because of the incomprehensibly unadulterated nature of his fantasy. In this regard, Chapter 4 is utilized to additionally Nick's, and the reader's, certain impression of Gatsby. It highlights Jordan describing a â€Å"romantic† memory of Daisy's previous relationship with Gatsby, Fitzgerald viably straying from Nick's portrayal so as to give an extremely purposeful and significant disclosure from quite a while ago. It is this relationship which Gatsby tries to recover by methods for his riches, and is the premise of the â€Å"romantic readiness† respected in him by Nick. Scratch therefore hues his account with the new mindfulness and says that Gatsby â€Å"came alive to me, conveyed s

Case Study Method

Case Study MethodThe Case Study Method is an increasingly popular technique for improving quality. It has many different applications and has been adopted by many people, including lawyers. In its most basic form, the Case Study Method allows the presenter to go into depth about the parts of the presentation and the content that will be covered in the remainder of the presentation. The presenter can explain why these elements exist in the first place and what are the functions of the various items.The Case Study Method allows the presenter to elaborate on a topic in much more detail. Before this method, people would describe what they were looking for and offer a 'story' for what they are looking for. They would then point out what they want and then present their need. Sometimes this kind of presentation is quite good, but it can be very labor intensive and it leaves out a lot of things. So, sometimes people will go to the extreme of making the presentation 'complete.'In some cases, the Case Study Method can be modified so that the presenter is not necessarily telling a story, but describing what he or she is seeing. In other words, instead of just talking about what they are looking for, they can describe what they are seeing. Instead of just describing what they are doing, they can actually point to things they are doing.Presenting with this type of content will allow the presenter to be very specific and to be very convincing. For example, when they are talking about what they are looking for, they can include small details about what they are looking for and what they are looking at. For example, instead of talking about a truck, they could describe what kind of look a truck has or what kind of features it has. If the presenter only talks about what they are looking for and what they are looking at, it is very difficult to see how they can convince anyone.The Case Study Methodis also useful when the presenter is giving a case history. In a typical case his tory, the presenter will describe how this case came about. He or she will describe the case, who was involved, and what happened during the case. Then, they will point out a bunch of items that they think are relevant to the presentation and provide information about what they are.When presenting with this case study method, the presenter will often provide some examples as well. For example, if the presenter has just talked about a test, he or she may say something like, 'In our previous case study, we were looking at the results of a blood test. It turned out that the patient had a high amount of magnesium in his system. When we looked at the patient's clinical chart, we saw that the patient had taken ten milligrams of magnesium just before he took the blood test. There are some possible reasons why this might have occurred.As mentioned earlier, this is one of the advantages of using the Case Study Method. A presenter can introduce items and make them known to the audience withou t having to tell the story of the presentation. The presenter can go into detail about each item, and he or she can do so without being repetitive. This makes the presentation much more engaging and the presenter more persuasive. It is interesting to compare this to talking about a car in a car dealership.The Case Study Method is a good approach for presenting to audiences, but it is important that the presenter fully understand that the audience will not simply accept everything the presenter says. It is important to understand the audience and to try to get as much information out of the audience as possible. This is particularly true if the presenter knows he or she will not be able to talk for too long without repeating himself or herself. By using the Case Study Method, the presenter is able to be more precise and persuasive.

National Strategy For Homeland Security Agencies - 854 Words

Introduction The state has the mandate of safeguarding citizens of hit places from suffering the disproportionate impact of natural disasters. The hurricane that hit Jacksonville town in Florida crippled the city’s infrastructure. The destroyed power and telephone lines stopped all the communication and transportation systems in the city. The copper wires were left hanging precariously along the charred roads. Looters took the opportunity to steal the expensive copper wires and motorists drove around carelessly as all the traffic lights had gone off. The local government experienced difficulties in trying to contain the situation. The task to locate, triage and secure citizens were nearly impossible as the whole town was in chaos. The local authorities could have coordinated with various Homeland security agencies to restore normalcy. The Coordinated Responses and Key Resources office of the president has come up with three main strategies to respond to disasters and protect the critical infrastructure in the USA. The President has charged the National Strategy for Homeland Security (NSHS) with the responsibility to address the vulnerabilities that involve more than one sector or needs the responsiveness of more than one agency. The advanced strategy calls for interconnectivity and complementarity of homeland security systems. The second approach involves the National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures, and Key Assets (NSPPCIKA) identifiesShow MoreRelatedHomeland Security And The Security1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. 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Interpersonal Communication - 2311 Words

Interpersonal communication is typically a dyadic (between two parties) form of communication. There are two major types of interpersonal communication used on a day to day basis: interpersonal (friends, family, partners), or impersonal (taxi drivers, shop assistants, etc.). These can be utilised as an essential tool to enhance an individual’s ability in many facets: learning, relationships, professionally, socially and also helping others. Interpersonal communication is considered the most important form of communication and the most conventional. It is interdependent (mutually dependant) on visual (sight), auditory (sound), and kinetic (body language) stimuli. Firstly this essay will outline a brief history of interpersonal†¦show more content†¦In its primitive form, animals may have just mastered the essential aspects of nonverbal interpersonal communication. The use of zoosemiotics (study of animal communication) can show that animals rely profoundly on a nonverba l form of communication. Some examples would be sight, (an animal stalking its prey) sound, (mating calls for example) and kinesis (a gorilla beating their chest to express dominance). Wikipedia.org, (2011). Verbal messages can consist of both oral and written words, DeVito, J. A. (2008). Verbal and nonverbal messages complement each other, and alone the message is not as definitive. As DeVito, J. A. (2008) quotes, â€Å"They are packaged; verbal and nonverbal signals interact to produce one (ideally) unified message†.Verbal communication could also be considered an essential tool in building rapport, and rapport is arguably the cornerstone of building an effective interpersonal relationship. Molden and Hutchinson suggest, â€Å"Rapport is essentially meeting individuals in their model of the world. We all have different upbringings, experiences and ways of being. We are all unique, with different beliefs, capabilities and identities. We all see the world differently. To gain rapport with others you need to acknowledge them and their view of the world. You do not have to agree with it, just recognise and respect it†, Molden and Hutchinson, (2006). VerbalShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication753 Words   |  4 PagesTitle Student’s Name COM200: Interpersonal Communication Instructor’s Name Date (Sample March 19, 2014) Introduction- Thesis Statement * If you’re having difficulties writing a thesis, use the thesis generator in the Ashford Writing Center - https://awc.ashford.edu/writing-tools-thesis-generator.html. Remember, a thesis should make a claim – a definitive statement – about some issue. Here is an example: Effective communication is the most important factor in a successful relationshipRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesI. 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Hamlet Betrayal - 1216 Words

The worst feeling of pain anyone could feel is when you are betrayed by some who you though loved you. Betrayal is an act of disloyalty and it is violating someones trust. In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, betrayal is a reoccurring action between many characters. This play shows the audience different types of betrayal that are imaginable, from a husband betraying his wife, a boyfriend betraying his girlfriend and a mother betraying the son and father. These actions of betrayal hurt the people that are most loved and destroys them where it most hurts in the end. Betrayal is one of the strongest and most important themes in Hamlet. The entire play revolves around the murder of King Hamlet. Betrayal is expanded even further, there†¦show more content†¦Hamlet kills Polonius and Gertrude becomes scared as to what is going to happen with Hamlet. Claudius betrays her trust by taking advantage of it and takes matter into his own hands. Claudius solution to the problem is t o have Hamlet sent to England, where he is going to be safe from the law and will not have to deal with any consequences for his actions. O Gertrude, come away! The sun no sooner shall the mountains touch. But we will ship him hence, and this vile deed. We must, with all out majesty and skill, Both countenance and excuse (4.1.28-32). Claudius makes Gertrude believe he is setting this up because he wants to protect Hamlet. But even though the audience knows the real reason as to why he is doing this. He is sending Hamlet to England to be killed. By letters congruing to that effect, The present death of Hamlet (4.3.66-67). In the final act of the play Claudius reveals he does not love Gertrude and that his love had been dishonest the whole time. This is shown when Gertrude picks up the poisoned wine glass. He knows she will dies once she drinks from it. Yet Claudius does nothing to stop her to save her life. Gertrude do not drink...It is the poisoned cup. It is too late (5.2.286-288 ). Claudius did not love her enough to save her life and think of her before himself. He let power and his selfishness take over him. Claudius is the brother of late King Hamlet who is the father of Hamlet. Even though Claudius is not Hamlets father, they areShow MoreRelatedLoyalty and Betrayal in Hamlet1157 Words   |  5 PagesLoyalty and betrayal in Hamlet Loyalty is a significant theme in ‘Hamlet’ because Hamlet himself judges people by their loyalty or disloyalty-his mother, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Horatio and he acts accordingly. The significance of the betrayal theme is that many of the major events in the play result from the betrayal of one character by another. The most significant act of betrayal is that of Gertrude-whose marriage to Claudius after two months of widow-hood has such a traumaticRead MoreBetrayal In Shakespeares Hamlet1395 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The saddest thing about betrayal is that it never comes from your enemies.† Presumably, family and friends should be people whom you can trust for anything. Right? However in the William Shakespeare s tragedy, Hamlet, he exposes the few wicked relationships within different character s transactions. This essay expresses how without support or a backbone in a relationship can be detriment to any self growth for the future. Shakespeare devotes his scripting to narrate the hideous ironic deathRead MoreTheme Of Betrayal In Hamlet1228 Words   |  5 PagesIn Hamlet Shakespeare shows the theme of betrayal through the change of tone and mood he uses either when speaking of or to Gertrude. 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Revenge is the main cause of his confliction butRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1284 Words   |  5 Pagesretaliation. Shakespeare’s Hamlet contemplates revenge throughout the story. Madness and revenge are similar themes in the movie, The Lion King, where the main character, Simba, is faced with the death of his father, leading him to do whatever it takes to seek revenge. This is where madness usually is introduced as a problem within a character, and this problem leads to the character doing things that they don’t usually do, sometimes dangerous things. The fathers of both Hamlet and Simba die, and theRead More Hamlet, the Existentialist Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet is a tragic play about murder, betrayal, revenge, madness, and moral corruption. It touches upon philosophical ideas such as existentialism and relativism. 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Reflective Essay Cultural Heritage- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe my key issues while living in a culturally diverse country like Australia. Answer: The purpose of this reflective essay is to describe my key issues while living in a culturally diverse country like Australia. I will explain our family's cultural origin and cultural heritage. The essay will give detail on the place from where our family migrated to Australia. It will describe the level of prejudice, discrimination and racism faced by our family. It will also identify the influences that lead to the formation of our own cultural heritage in relation to the theoretical frameworks of cross-cultural counseling. It will create an understanding of the complexity of living in a multicultural environment. The essay will explore how the cultural heritage has impacted me and my cultural identities. This section will give a detail about my family history and the cultural heritage. I belong to a family which is a mix of Irish Catholics. My family was originally based in Ireland and an orphan from the family migrated to Australia following a potato famine in Ireland. The first generation women of our family moved to Australia and married an English soldier who then worked on the railway lines. They were subjected to prejudice and discrimination as they were Catholics living in a Protestant colony. They led a hard life due to poverty. One of their children was my great grandmother who married a coal miner and had children. One of them was my grandmother, and my grandfather was a World War 1 soldier who ultimately committed suicide. Our family suffered due to poverty, racial discrimination and domestic violence. Since my grandfather committed suicide, the Roman Catholic Church also discriminated them as they regarded suicide as a mortal sin. Even my mother was subjected to discrimin ation because of low social background and low education levels. The manual workers were paid very low wages, so there was great job stress. I have been influenced by a tolerant family who is not racist. I feel the women in our family were very hard working, and they were very resilient. My mother suffered a lot but as she was an unmarried mother, this also increased her shame and discrimination. But still, the female members of our family were very dedicated to their children and ensured that they get the proper education to improve their future. They were very compassionate and helped peoples in distress. I am associated with arranging community programs and my parents helped me in organizing meals on wheels and youth programs. I personally feel that my mother is a natural social worker, and my parents were always involved in assisting homeless, unemployed youth. I have been profoundly influenced by families culture, and I would not be working on community programs had I not been influenced by the social nature of my family. All my extended family always looked after disadvantaged people in society, and I am what I am t oday because of them. Living in a culturally diverse country like Australia, I feel that development of my own cultural heritage has been influenced by factors like racism, prejudice, discrimination and privileges. Australia has it special cultural status. Originally multiculturalism in Australia was understood as members of Australian community coming from different cultures. However, it is related to rights of migrants living in Australia to express their cultural identity. So any migrant living in Australis will be influenced by the level of independence they get regarding cultural identity, social justice and economic efficiency (Phillips Spinks, 2012). Since 1945 more than 7 million migrants have settled in Australia. Our ancestors had suffered a lot due to discrimination in Australia. The White Australian were also discriminated and till 1970 there was a great restriction on people immigrating from non-European countries. But I feel today the immigration policies are not racially discriminatory. No w anyone can apply for visa irrespective of their origin, race, religion or gender (Hollifield et al., 2014). This section will describe my family's experience of living in the multicultural environment. After analyzing my familys history, I feel that Australia has not been tolerant of ethnic diversity in the past. My previous generation faced decades of discrimination in different forms like job stress, social deprivation, etc. My ancestors suffered from mental health and faced challenges in developing their identity regarding the economy, employment and many other factors. I feel that migrants coming from diverse cultural background have a different way of interpreting and responding to life experiences. The cultural values and personal circumstances of individual decide how they will be reacting to certain situations. I feel that my parents are now involved in supporting disadvantaged people because of their own suffering in life. They were subjected to racial discrimination and so they know the problems that migrants can face (Edge Newbold, 2013). While living in a multi-cultural environment, people like my own ancestors experience stress due to cultural shock. From my family cultural history, I can say that immigrants suffer from stress due to challenges they face in adjusting to a different social structure, values, beliefs, practices, political system and practices. Clash in view occurs, giving an advantage to one section and depriving outsiders of privileged of society (Schmitt et al., 2014). My family faces challenges in arranging for housing and another service to settle down in an unfamiliar environment. Despite several problems, they never compromised on our education and tried to give better lives in future. In a multi-cultural environment, language also acts a barrier. People migrating to different countries may have problems interpreting local dialect. Many immigrants to Australia experience unemployment or poverty. My grandmother also suffered from domestic violence and poverty. They faced limited job opportunities due to social stigma existing in society. Now also I have seen immigrant in Australia suffer unemployment issues due to language skills or because of cultural or religious limitation. These problems lead to isolation and builds insecurity among people. Difficulty in communicating, limited finances and poor access to basic amenities of life has made life very complex for immigrants. My past generation also suffered for a long time because of limited opportunity to improve their personal situation. The sense of isolation is also magnified if anyone is living in sparsely populated areas (Scott Scott, 2013). I have this thinking that multi-cultural environment also has an impact on women. In many cultures, women mainly keep contact with their own home and family. But when one migrates to another country, the connection of extended family network breaks down. So women are more isolated than men. The routine changes and woman feel that they have to work further aggravating the problem. My first generation of ancestor also had to come from a workhouse in Ireland to Australia. She was an orphan, and she was forced to do so because of the potato famine in Ireland. So she was a peasant with no skills and found it hard to get jobs from colonial people of Australia. She was a Catholic and living in a Protestant family contributed to racial discrimination. I feel that as she moved from her own native country, she would also have experienced a similar type of isolation apart from other fundamental problems mentioned above (Delaney MacRaild, 2013). Many people migrating to Australia are also survivors of war, natural disaster or social torture. People are coming in loads to Australia due to these unusual circumstances in life. Similar kind of experience was also faced by my family. My grandfather was World War 1 soldier and suffered trauma due to war and ultimately committed suicide. There are also people who are the survivor of war or natural disaster. This injury led to a development of mental illness including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Such people have difficulty in concentrating on the task, feeling of powerlessness, panic attacks and guilt. Migrants also suffer long-distance suffering due to media reports of war. This happens when people suffer because of other in their homeland (Helleiner, 2015). Social issues are also rampant in youth. I am also a fifth generation of young Australian belonging to Irish migrant family who moved to Australia after a potato famine in 1845. I had my own cultural values, and I experienced a different set of culture while living in Australia. So I was caught between two sets of cultural standards and values. Many youths also feel pressurized because of their parents. This is because when their children try to adopt Australian values and customs, they feel that it is a loss of their own traditional culture. Such youth like me face challenges in counterbalancing perceived permissiveness in Australian society (Belot Ederveen, 2012). My transition in life became difficult to negotiate because of my Catholic culture views on sexuality, relationship, education and employment. As I belonged to an ethnic minority group, I had difficulty in maintaining friends because of bullying and my difference in cultural background. Youths migrating to different coun tries also suffer from social isolation. Such life situation may lead to different outcomes in different people. My familys cultural experience has made me what I am today. I always found my parent assisting unemployed people, so I also developed this interest from them to serve the community and make lives better for them. That is why now I work for arranging Community Programs. There are some young people whose life also deteriorates due multi-cultural influences. There is increased the risk of suicide and risk-taking behaviors like vulnerability to alcohol, drugs, anxiety and poor self-esteem (Moran et al., 2014). I have also described the level of prejudice, racism, discrimination and privilege experienced by my ancestors. My original descendant home was Ireland, and they moved to Australia only after potato famine (Beaumont et al., 2013). There was the anti-Irish sentiment in Australia which referred to racism, bigotry, oppression and discrimination against Irish in Australia. My descendants were subjected to prejudices because of our Catholic origin. As they were living in a Protestant colony, so they were discriminated in terms of employment opportunity. My grandmother faced discrimination and prejudice after the death of my grandfather due to her social position and stigma in the family. According to my own experience living so far in Australia, I also feel that racism has contributed to the mental stress of many immigrants. This kind of attitude devalues individual identity and lowers their confidence and self-esteem. I have seen many people who avoid social contact just because of racis m. The immigrants leave their home country and come to a new place in hope of new ways of living and livelihood. But racism further increases people depression and anxiety (Forrest et al., 2014). My family was also a victim of mental illness causes due discriminatory behavior. According to the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, it is illegal to discriminate any person racially in terms of access to desired employment, services or goods, education and housing facilities. I personally experienced this during my college my life when people refused to associate with me because of my racial origin. Other forms of racist behavior that I have experienced in Australia include wearing clothes with signs of particular cultural groups, broadcasting negative material about the particular cultural group through slogans and pamphlets. I saw Australians mocking me because of my Irish Catholic origin. In an extreme case, people were also physically assaulted just because they belonged to a particular cultural group or practice certain religion (Wrench, 2016). It is often seen that when youngsters migrate to new places, they acquire the culture of the new place and forget their own culture. Therefore two kinds of circumstances arise. Either they identify with their culture or distance from their family's cultural background. I particularly identified with my cultural background, and it had its influence on my upbringing and what I m today. My parents used to help unemployed people, and I also acquired that quality from them of serving the weaker section of my community. Irish Catholics are now found in many countries around the world. The population of Catholics dropped following the famine of 1840. More than four thousand young female orphans were shipped from Irish workhouses to Australian colony at the time of famine. My first generation of ancestors belonged to those groups. Some were greeted with hostility while some were exploited or abused by the employers. As far as I have analyzed, religion has always remained a cause of different iation for Irish in any part of the world. It had the greatest impact on our cultural identity and Irish people faced problems of the socioeconomic condition in each new country (Miller 2014). One particular event that is an expression of our Irish identity is the St. Patricks Day. It is an emblem of our culture. But this assemblies and expression of Irish culture were not permitted by Australian initially. The situation, however, changed after the growth of wealthy Irish Catholic emancipist and Irish Catholic Priest. Apart from great atrocities faced by my ancestor in the past, I feel now the situation has far improved now. Now Irish comprise 10.5% of Australian population according to 2011 census. Though I live in Australia, still I follow my Irish culture. The Australian government also played a part in relaxing migration policies (Hutchinson, 2012).So currently Australia has become one of the most culturally diverse countries and the popular destination for migrants. My Irish culture has a sense of informality, and we encourage transparent approach between people both in public and private space. I am very emotional, affectionate and attached to my family. I have got t his quality from my parents only. Literacy and verbal acuity are valued in my culture. What set us apart from another culture is our informality, reciprocity and egalitarianism attitude (Sexton, 2013).We don't hesitate in sharing food and other things to people. Our social boundaries are indistinct and permeable. Our relative wealth and social class influence my choices. My familys social status and their experience in life have affected my life decisions. After the analysis of my ancestor's life history, I was able to counsel myself in cross-cultural levels. I found that different attributions help in understanding how changes occur in the cross-culture environment. The first attribute is how far an individual believes that he is responsible for the problem and the extent to which any person believes in personal responsibility to solve the problem. This framework helps me understand my familys behaviors across cultures. Although they suffered discrimination, late generation recovered from it. My parents too suffered a lot, but they chose to find solutions to the problem themselves. It is the result of those striving that has made me independent today (Ang Van Dyne, 2015). Through the analysis of my family history and cultural heritage, I can conclude that immigration has a severe effect on migrants life. It changes their life totally when they have to leave their own native country and settle down in new places. I saw how people life change and they suffered from mental trauma and distress. The economic status deteriorates and migrants have to face many kinds of discrimination in places due to their diverse identity. But the situation changed and if anyone seeks to find the solution to the problem, then life can improve. My family also had this attribute which made my life easier. The essay is a valuable reflection of the values of cultural heritage and identification with family background. Reference Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Beaumont, J., Geber, J., Powers, N., Wilson, A., Lee Thorp, J., Montgomery, J. (2013). Victims and survivors: stable isotopes used to identify migrants from the Great Irish Famine to 19th century London.American journal of physical anthropology,150(1), 87-98. Belot, M., Ederveen, S. (2012). Cultural barriers in migration between OECD countries.Journal of Population Economics,25(3), 1077-1105. Delaney, E., MacRaild, D. M. (2013).Irish Migration, Networks and Ethnic Identities since 1750. Routledge. Edge, S., Newbold, B. (2013). Discrimination and the health of immigrants and refugees: exploring Canadas evidence base and directions for future research in newcomer receiving countries.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,15(1), 141-148. Forrest, J., Johnston, R., Poulsen, M. (2014). Ethnic Capital and Assimilation to the Great Australian (Homeownership) Dream: the early housing experience of Australia's skilled immigrants.Australian Geographer,45(2), 109-129. Helleiner, J. (2015). Recruiting the culturally compatible migrant: Irish Working Holiday migration and white settler Canadianness.Ethnicities, 1468796815610354.

21st Century Curriculum Essay Example

21st Century Curriculum Essay Educational theories are essential guidelines that entails enhancement of educational means of teaching. The sides of education are important as well since this is one of the primary building blocks in the society. Education is viewed as an intrinsic need by every individual, institution and country. The conditions of educational theories vary and it evolves the same way the world grows. It follows the trails of man’s civilization from the streets of Aristotle, the classrooms of Scholasticisms up to our current teaching universities. Various theories of education revolves in these events thus, tackling these principle proves to be essential.Synthesis of Theories that have influenced 21st century CurriculumFormulation of theoretical framework for a curriculum planningThrough out history, education has developed little by little in a systematic and chronological way matching the needs and evolution of man’s society. In the past, education theories are already evident espe cially in the classes of Aristotle, Plato and Socrates (the famous Greek philosophers). These people utilize various styles of educating their students and guided by early theories of education. However, time is not stagnant and it continues to flow, and part of it is man’s society.The dynamic civilization of human kind of varying cultures, have influenced the development and evolution of these theories as well. The Aristotelian mode of concept has been modified during the renaissance period by the scholastics and, the Platonian principles are adapted by various scholars. This situation has led to further development of education systems as well as principles until its development reach the current state, which is the 21st century.Read also   ANALYSIS OF OUR SECRET BY SUSAN GRIFFINIn the current civilization of man, education has been regarded as the utmost treasure that everybody needs to possess.   The theories of education principles have been integrated and modified in order for these theories to adapt in the current situations. These theories are well utilized by various educational systems in order to maintain standard education criteria.Some of the classical theories are also maintained in order to support and stand basis for the current theories established. However, problems and sometimes inconsistencies occur along with this these theories since, the body and context of these principles are still considered theories and not facts. It is part of the molding and dynamic process involved in this theory.As we go through the discussion of these theories, we shall employ analysis, interpretation as well as implementation of the theories concerned. The theories are not meant to act as the imposed rule of teaching but rather evident guidelines in order to establish appropriate teaching approach. The paper shall limit its study in the following question.What are the educational theories present in the 21st century? Discuss all the educational theo ries that have influenced 21-century curriculum.How does each theory influences the 21st century curriculum? Synthesizes all the theories by showing the commonalities and differences in all the educational theories and formulate a theoretical framework that can be used for a curriculum planning. Lastly, explain the benefits of this framework in the 21st century curriculum.The research paper shall focus in these queries alone since the main objective is also the presentation of these educational theories that have influenced 21st century.Main Educational Theories of 21st CenturyAll people require variety of learning needs, which is a desire or a requirement to know something that is presently unknown to the learner. These needs include new intellectual knowledge but also include physical, cultural, social and spiritual form of knowledge. Kozier (2004) defines learning as,Learning is a change in human disposition or capability that persists and that cannot be solely accounted for by g rowth. Learning is represented by a change in behavior and the important aspect for a person to learn is the individual’s desire to learn and to act on the learning.This connotes that learning is not only obtained by mental capacity of a person but it goes on all perspective angles of the individual’s characteristics. Moreover, compliance to such educational modes are not enough, acting is another factor to be considered.There are various theories proposed that traces how and why people should learn and be educated. These theories have served as guideline protocols in order to establish educational approaches, learning interventions and curriculum formulation for educational institutions. These theories have originated even from the past and are now being used in order to enhance teaching and learning processes. The modification of these theories has occurred due to the evolution of man’s technology and growth of civilization.BehaviorismThis theory was originall y promulgated by Edward Thorndike, whose primary contribution is the teaching based on behavioral manifestations of the individual. Behaviorism deals with learning and it acknowledges this subject as a factor that affects personality of a person. The theory includes analysis of the person’s personality as a whole and characteristics, and uses this to formulate strategies of teaching and education (Weiner et.al, 2003 p.135).Behaviorism takes into account the environment of the individual, not only physical but as a whole itself. The theories views environment as an extremely essential influence in the development of learning. However, ironically, behaviorists are not concerned in mental processes since they rely mostly on those objective data that are observed and rationalized by human capacity.B.F Skinner, another important persona in behaviorist theory, considers â€Å"emotions† as fictitious product of behavior that can be assess through stimuli-response mechanism (F ogiel, 1999 p.501). The main emphasis of this theory is the behavior of a person that primarily promotes the learning.Arising now is John Watson, another important persona in the field of behaviorism, who started the use of behavioral conditioning. Watson has utilized animal specimens such as rats, pigeons, dogs and cats in order to test behavior functioning. During the procedures, Watson has discovered that these animals are capable of learning-behavior principles (Weiner et.al, 2003 p.135-136). The utilization of behavior as a means of pattern in order to formulate the right educational approach is the primary principle of the theory.According to Gordon (2003) in her book, Beginnings Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education, learning occurs when an organism interacts with the environment, and through experience, behavior is modified or changed. In the behaviorist’s eyes, three types of learning occur:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical Conditioning2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operant Conditioning3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observational learning or modelingThe first two categories are based on the idea that learning is mostly the development of habit. The continuous and frequent routine that an individual confers with induces the habits that in turn produce behavioral modifications. The third is actually based on social approach, such as family social conditions, peer socializations, etc. Guided by these three principles, education systems employ rewards and consequences as the primary molding characteristics of educational approaches.In application of such theory, we can see this being done in a simple standard educational system known as grading. In such case, the instructor assesses an individual’s performance based on criteria imposed by the institution. The grading system indicates how well the student performs during the span of an activity or the entire education program it self. The instructor provides high grade is the performance of the st udent is well conforming and appropriate to the instruction given. This type of rewarding reinforces the individual to again strive and initiate efforts in order to attain the said mark. However, if the student fails to comply in the standard imposed by the instructor, the student now gets a low or failing grade. This is a form of negative reinforcement in the part of the student. The response of the student, however, should be the same, which is to study harder and try to comply the next time.However, there are cases wherein this kind of negative reinforcement, based on the example, triggers negative action. Instead of the attitude of perseverance, the mindset of depression and intimidation settles in. The education approach should consider this type of response among varying students.HumanismThe theory of humanism utilizes the belief that human cognitive function and learning are not driven by information processing theory, nor by the enhancement of schemas through the creation of new knowledge structures nor by conditional responses to various stimuli. Rather, human thinking and learning are driven by the growth of the self as a whole, mature and complete human being, who has a strong character and an ability to make decisions that positively influence others (Keating, 2003 p.53).The humanistic theory centers on both cognitive and affective angle of a person. The main contributors of this theory are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers who have introduced essential humanistic theories that is used up until today in almost every aspect (Kozier, 2004 p.448).Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow has formulated the triangular model of levels of man’s need according to priorities. The base part of this triangle portrays the basic level, thus considers as the most essential needs of man. The physiologic needs comprise of food, shelter, clothing, water and the physical requirements in order to live and maintain body homeostasis. The next level involves the level of safety needs, which includes protection, security, order, law, limits and stability that are part of the community. Love and belongingness is the next level after the latter – family, relationships, commitments, attachments, peers, social circles- that provide the emotional, cognitive and social stability of an individual. Self-esteem follows and this level portrays the needs of self-gratification as resulted by achievements, status, responsibilities and good reputation. Lastly, the self-actualization pertains to the personal growth and fulfillment of a person (Chapman, 2001).Student-Learning Approach. The theory of Carl Rogers regarding the student focused learning has a great impact in the teaching strategies at various curriculums in our current generation. The primary focus of this concept is the student body itself wherein the needs of the students are prioritized above all. This theory suggests that learning is achieved is the students are the ones being targeted as the main recipient in all educational programs implemented by the educational bodies, such as administrators, instructors and etc. The design of teaching curriculum, syllabus, course description and learning approaches are needed to be in favor of the students and not the administrative body.In this theory, a goal of educational approach is being set, the stand or the set function of the teacher is being identified, students are being reinforced positively, learning assessment is being done and lastly, student participation is greatly encouraged (Burnard 2002, p.72). Unlike in the classical way of teaching wherein the instructor is the one who directs everything to the students more like â€Å"robot teaching†, participation and interaction in this principle does not only come from the teachers but from the student as well. It encourages collaboration between the two sides in order to achieve maximal learning.Humanism focuses on the internal aspect of an individual as persons and not as sole information bank. This theory takes into consideration the emotions and attitudes of learners, the importance of the individual in identifying learning needs and taking the responsibility over these learning tasks.Humanism also motivates the student to act as part of the learning process, encouraging independence as well as self-reliance. This greatly negates the concept of education spoon-feeding approach since the students, even if the theory is student-centered, still this does not conclude that sole information are given directly to them by the teachers. Building up educational independence and education responsibility are the primary goals of this theory.CognitivismLearning in this theory principle gives more emphasis on the learning process itself than any other means. Organization of the learning approach and modified mental representations are the key in this type of learning process. According to the book of Uden and Beaumont (2006) entitled Technology and Prob lem-based Learning,Cognitive learning is equated with discrete changes between states of knowledge rather than with changed in the probability of response. In cognitive learning, the issues of how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind is important. Learning is concerned not so much with what learners do, but what they know and how they came to acquire that knowledge (p.6).In this theory, the main emphasis is the process itself and not the outcome. From the point of information delivery up to the cognitive reception of this information, the learning is assessed. If learning is achieved then it only means that the process is appropriate, however, if otherwise occurs, then it means the education approach needs to be re-evaluated.This type of theory has been utilized in various forms of institutional approach such as in the process of health teaching. One example is when the health care provider utilizes a health care plan accompanied by teaching plan. Par t of this systematic education approach is the re-evaluation of plan until the set goal is met. The focus mainly is not on the response but the means of teaching or the cognitive approach.The major contributors of this theory are jean Piaget, K.Lewin and B.Bloom. The cognitive theory by Jean Piaget, sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, operational stage and formal operations, gave patterns of educational development according to age development from infant to adulthood (Kozier 2004, p.448).Lewin states that learning involves four different types of learning particularly, cognitive structure, change in motivation, change in one’s sense of belonging to a social circle, and gain control over one’s self. Lewin has focused on changes, and this led in the discovery of the theory of changes that contributes greatly in Cognitivism. The three basic stages involve are unfreezing, moving and refreezing (Ziegler, 2005 p.211).Lastly, Bloom has identified three domains of lear ning particularly the cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Each category pertains to different learning specifications that guide the whole planning of educational approach. Cognitive domain talks about the intellectual, concept, principles and theoretical knowledge incorporated in the plan of teaching. Affective domain pertains to the emotional side, affect and mood, attitude and the totality of values that is incorporated in the teaching plan. Lastly, the psychomotor theory, which emphasizes on the physical, developmental and skill enhancement incorporated as well in the teaching approach (McDonald 2002, p.34).These theories are the molding clays of the cognitivism thus, considered as the framework of the said theory. Cognitive theory has its primary attributes that also recognizes the developmental levels of learners and acknowledgements of learner’s motivation and environment (Kozier, 2004 p.449).Other Theories that Influences Educational CurriculumOther than the three f ramework of today’s educational curriculum, there are still contributing theories that needs to be taken into account especially if pertaining about aspect of educational systems. These theories have been formulated recently but have gain influence in the education curriculum already.PerennialismThe emphasis of the theory is more inclined in the philosophical and logical analysis of student’s origin and environmental contributors. The theory is primary based on idealism as well as realism in terms of philosophical perspective. It states that learning is universal and uniform for every individual that desires to learn. Education is regarded as essential truth and a preparation for life. Fundamentals are encouraged more than the complexities of the concepts since; these basics are regarded as the finest knowledge (Segall Wilson, 2004 p.156).ReconstructionismThe theory characteristics talk about its radical disposition and views education as a vehicle for influencing fun damental social change, especially in the realm of socio-political, economic and cultural organization. For Reconstructionists, progressive education is too slow or too â€Å"soft† ever to lead to change in the existing social order. It suggests that major constructive deliberations and even revolutionary actions are needed in order to solve such issue (Gwelle Uys, 2005 p.8).EssentialismThe theory of essentialism focuses more on the intrinsic nature of an individual as well as the classical educational principles. The theory suggests that the educational systems should maintain appropriate mental discipline among the students. Essentialists believe that educational process relies on the teacher itself rather than the student (Lantolf, 2000p.237).ProgressivismThis theory takes into account that education itself is not a means to earn living but rather a lifestyle to live on. It focuses more on the value-principle aspect in terms of education. Learning is achieved as the stude nt becomes interested in the subject matter and the teacher’s role is not to give sole instructions but to propose advice that facilitates learning. Competition is disregarded and educational cooperation is encouraged since, this theory aims to enhance the free expression of ideas, thoughts and personalities of the students in order to enhance and promote learning (Griffin Nasta 2000 p.31).Comparisons Educational TheoriesAs implicated in this study the educational theories still proposes similarities and differences, which is common since these theorists have various perspectives that influence their view in terms of education systems. The similarities as well as differences greatly centers in the focus of educational system. Each theory suggests the main contributor of educational intervention. However, the learning principle and guidelines are almost similar with all the theories. The detailed differences are specifically indicated in the above analysis of these theories.H owever, looking at the broad angles, we can see the similarities that group these theories and the differences that negate the proposed concepts of these educational principles. Behaviorists, humanists and essentialists are mainly student-centered than education systems. They emphasize on the intrinsic and outward response of the individual itself and patterned their theories in the individual’s characteristics as well as output from the stimuli.On the other hand, cognitivism, perennialism, reconstructionalists and progressivism connotes the educational process and the environmental contributing factors that surround the client, such as instructors, educational support systems, etc. They believe that the primary influence in the educational development of the student lies on the external etiologies rather than the internal, where in the latter groups are more favorable.Theoretical FrameworkThe formulation of this theoretical framework takes into account the theories discussed in the above portion of this paper. Such theories are all synthesized based on their important points in order to come up in an enhanced educational principle. As per analysis of various points involved in these theories, we have come up in an educational approach that is applicable for educational curriculum.The focus of behaviorism, particularly the behavior of the person itself, can be utilized to serve as guide in maintaining appropriate teaching methods that are suitable for student needs. The assessment of these behaviors and attitudes can help the instructor understand the needs of these students rather than understanding the needs of system bodies. Guided by the student-centered learning approach by Carl Rogers, we can utilize the principle of education putting the student as the center of focus. The education requirement must be based on the student’s need and not of the institution. Only this way can learning be maximized and achieve. In addition, we have to consid er the wholesome aspect of the student in which, humanism have given emphasis. The individual’s educational needs should not be based on specific areas but rather the wholeness of the individual. We need to take into account the domains of learning provided by the theory, specifically psychomotor, cognitive and affective aspects.Moreover, the planning of the theory needs to consider the educational process itself in order to ensure proper learning is obtained. The cognitive theory emphasizes on the educational processes itself. It needs to coincide in the needs of the client as assessed through various intrinsic factors present in the client as described by behaviorism and essentialists. The formulation of educational approach needs to consider external criteria involve in the student such as, the background, racial culture and attitudes.After the formulation of educational approach, it is necessary to instill the values of education especially the purpose of having this proc ess, as indicated by Progressivism. Upon implementation of this learning approach, we have to consider and aim for the changes that Lewin has implicated. The change in the client signifies the effectiveness of learning. However, if the opposite results are attained, then reassessment and re-evaluation is needed until the target goal of educational approach is achieved. 21st Century Curriculum Essay Example 21st Century Curriculum Essay Educational theories are essential guidelines that entails enhancement of educational means of teaching. The sides of education are important as well since this is one of the primary building blocks in the society. Education is viewed as an intrinsic need by every individual, institution and country. The conditions of educational theories vary and it evolves the same way the world grows. It follows the trails of man’s civilization from the streets of Aristotle, the classrooms of Scholasticisms up to our current teaching universities. Various theories of education revolves in these events thus, tackling these principle proves to be essential.Synthesis of Theories that have influenced 21st century CurriculumFormulation of theoretical framework for a curriculum planningThrough out history, education has developed little by little in a systematic and chronological way matching the needs and evolution of man’s society. In the past, education theories are already evident espe cially in the classes of Aristotle, Plato and Socrates (the famous Greek philosophers). These people utilize various styles of educating their students and guided by early theories of education. However, time is not stagnant and it continues to flow, and part of it is man’s society.The dynamic civilization of human kind of varying cultures, have influenced the development and evolution of these theories as well. The Aristotelian mode of concept has been modified during the renaissance period by the scholastics and, the Platonian principles are adapted by various scholars. This situation has led to further development of education systems as well as principles until its development reach the current state, which is the 21st century.Read also   ANALYSIS OF OUR SECRET BY SUSAN GRIFFINIn the current civilization of man, education has been regarded as the utmost treasure that everybody needs to possess.   The theories of education principles have been integrated and modified in order for these theories to adapt in the current situations. These theories are well utilized by various educational systems in order to maintain standard education criteria.Some of the classical theories are also maintained in order to support and stand basis for the current theories established. However, problems and sometimes inconsistencies occur along with this these theories since, the body and context of these principles are still considered theories and not facts. It is part of the molding and dynamic process involved in this theory.As we go through the discussion of these theories, we shall employ analysis, interpretation as well as implementation of the theories concerned. The theories are not meant to act as the imposed rule of teaching but rather evident guidelines in order to establish appropriate teaching approach. The paper shall limit its study in the following question.What are the educational theories present in the 21st century? Discuss all the educational theo ries that have influenced 21-century curriculum.How does each theory influences the 21st century curriculum? Synthesizes all the theories by showing the commonalities and differences in all the educational theories and formulate a theoretical framework that can be used for a curriculum planning. Lastly, explain the benefits of this framework in the 21st century curriculum.The research paper shall focus in these queries alone since the main objective is also the presentation of these educational theories that have influenced 21st century.Main Educational Theories of 21st CenturyAll people require variety of learning needs, which is a desire or a requirement to know something that is presently unknown to the learner. These needs include new intellectual knowledge but also include physical, cultural, social and spiritual form of knowledge. Kozier (2004) defines learning as,Learning is a change in human disposition or capability that persists and that cannot be solely accounted for by g rowth. Learning is represented by a change in behavior and the important aspect for a person to learn is the individual’s desire to learn and to act on the learning.This connotes that learning is not only obtained by mental capacity of a person but it goes on all perspective angles of the individual’s characteristics. Moreover, compliance to such educational modes are not enough, acting is another factor to be considered.There are various theories proposed that traces how and why people should learn and be educated. These theories have served as guideline protocols in order to establish educational approaches, learning interventions and curriculum formulation for educational institutions. These theories have originated even from the past and are now being used in order to enhance teaching and learning processes. The modification of these theories has occurred due to the evolution of man’s technology and growth of civilization.BehaviorismThis theory was originall y promulgated by Edward Thorndike, whose primary contribution is the teaching based on behavioral manifestations of the individual. Behaviorism deals with learning and it acknowledges this subject as a factor that affects personality of a person. The theory includes analysis of the person’s personality as a whole and characteristics, and uses this to formulate strategies of teaching and education (Weiner et.al, 2003 p.135).Behaviorism takes into account the environment of the individual, not only physical but as a whole itself. The theories views environment as an extremely essential influence in the development of learning. However, ironically, behaviorists are not concerned in mental processes since they rely mostly on those objective data that are observed and rationalized by human capacity.B.F Skinner, another important persona in behaviorist theory, considers â€Å"emotions† as fictitious product of behavior that can be assess through stimuli-response mechanism (F ogiel, 1999 p.501). The main emphasis of this theory is the behavior of a person that primarily promotes the learning.Arising now is John Watson, another important persona in the field of behaviorism, who started the use of behavioral conditioning. Watson has utilized animal specimens such as rats, pigeons, dogs and cats in order to test behavior functioning. During the procedures, Watson has discovered that these animals are capable of learning-behavior principles (Weiner et.al, 2003 p.135-136). The utilization of behavior as a means of pattern in order to formulate the right educational approach is the primary principle of the theory.According to Gordon (2003) in her book, Beginnings Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education, learning occurs when an organism interacts with the environment, and through experience, behavior is modified or changed. In the behaviorist’s eyes, three types of learning occur:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical Conditioning2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operant Conditioning3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observational learning or modelingThe first two categories are based on the idea that learning is mostly the development of habit. The continuous and frequent routine that an individual confers with induces the habits that in turn produce behavioral modifications. The third is actually based on social approach, such as family social conditions, peer socializations, etc. Guided by these three principles, education systems employ rewards and consequences as the primary molding characteristics of educational approaches.In application of such theory, we can see this being done in a simple standard educational system known as grading. In such case, the instructor assesses an individual’s performance based on criteria imposed by the institution. The grading system indicates how well the student performs during the span of an activity or the entire education program it self. The instructor provides high grade is the performance of the st udent is well conforming and appropriate to the instruction given. This type of rewarding reinforces the individual to again strive and initiate efforts in order to attain the said mark. However, if the student fails to comply in the standard imposed by the instructor, the student now gets a low or failing grade. This is a form of negative reinforcement in the part of the student. The response of the student, however, should be the same, which is to study harder and try to comply the next time.However, there are cases wherein this kind of negative reinforcement, based on the example, triggers negative action. Instead of the attitude of perseverance, the mindset of depression and intimidation settles in. The education approach should consider this type of response among varying students.HumanismThe theory of humanism utilizes the belief that human cognitive function and learning are not driven by information processing theory, nor by the enhancement of schemas through the creation of new knowledge structures nor by conditional responses to various stimuli. Rather, human thinking and learning are driven by the growth of the self as a whole, mature and complete human being, who has a strong character and an ability to make decisions that positively influence others (Keating, 2003 p.53).The humanistic theory centers on both cognitive and affective angle of a person. The main contributors of this theory are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers who have introduced essential humanistic theories that is used up until today in almost every aspect (Kozier, 2004 p.448).Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow has formulated the triangular model of levels of man’s need according to priorities. The base part of this triangle portrays the basic level, thus considers as the most essential needs of man. The physiologic needs comprise of food, shelter, clothing, water and the physical requirements in order to live and maintain body homeostasis. The next level involves the level of safety needs, which includes protection, security, order, law, limits and stability that are part of the community. Love and belongingness is the next level after the latter – family, relationships, commitments, attachments, peers, social circles- that provide the emotional, cognitive and social stability of an individual. Self-esteem follows and this level portrays the needs of self-gratification as resulted by achievements, status, responsibilities and good reputation. Lastly, the self-actualization pertains to the personal growth and fulfillment of a person (Chapman, 2001).Student-Learning Approach. The theory of Carl Rogers regarding the student focused learning has a great impact in the teaching strategies at various curriculums in our current generation. The primary focus of this concept is the student body itself wherein the needs of the students are prioritized above all. This theory suggests that learning is achieved is the students are the ones being targeted as the main recipient in all educational programs implemented by the educational bodies, such as administrators, instructors and etc. The design of teaching curriculum, syllabus, course description and learning approaches are needed to be in favor of the students and not the administrative body.In this theory, a goal of educational approach is being set, the stand or the set function of the teacher is being identified, students are being reinforced positively, learning assessment is being done and lastly, student participation is greatly encouraged (Burnard 2002, p.72). Unlike in the classical way of teaching wherein the instructor is the one who directs everything to the students more like â€Å"robot teaching†, participation and interaction in this principle does not only come from the teachers but from the student as well. It encourages collaboration between the two sides in order to achieve maximal learning.Humanism focuses on the internal aspect of an individual as persons and not as sole information bank. This theory takes into consideration the emotions and attitudes of learners, the importance of the individual in identifying learning needs and taking the responsibility over these learning tasks.Humanism also motivates the student to act as part of the learning process, encouraging independence as well as self-reliance. This greatly negates the concept of education spoon-feeding approach since the students, even if the theory is student-centered, still this does not conclude that sole information are given directly to them by the teachers. Building up educational independence and education responsibility are the primary goals of this theory.CognitivismLearning in this theory principle gives more emphasis on the learning process itself than any other means. Organization of the learning approach and modified mental representations are the key in this type of learning process. According to the book of Uden and Beaumont (2006) entitled Technology and Prob lem-based Learning,Cognitive learning is equated with discrete changes between states of knowledge rather than with changed in the probability of response. In cognitive learning, the issues of how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind is important. Learning is concerned not so much with what learners do, but what they know and how they came to acquire that knowledge (p.6).In this theory, the main emphasis is the process itself and not the outcome. From the point of information delivery up to the cognitive reception of this information, the learning is assessed. If learning is achieved then it only means that the process is appropriate, however, if otherwise occurs, then it means the education approach needs to be re-evaluated.This type of theory has been utilized in various forms of institutional approach such as in the process of health teaching. One example is when the health care provider utilizes a health care plan accompanied by teaching plan. Par t of this systematic education approach is the re-evaluation of plan until the set goal is met. The focus mainly is not on the response but the means of teaching or the cognitive approach.The major contributors of this theory are jean Piaget, K.Lewin and B.Bloom. The cognitive theory by Jean Piaget, sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, operational stage and formal operations, gave patterns of educational development according to age development from infant to adulthood (Kozier 2004, p.448).Lewin states that learning involves four different types of learning particularly, cognitive structure, change in motivation, change in one’s sense of belonging to a social circle, and gain control over one’s self. Lewin has focused on changes, and this led in the discovery of the theory of changes that contributes greatly in Cognitivism. The three basic stages involve are unfreezing, moving and refreezing (Ziegler, 2005 p.211).Lastly, Bloom has identified three domains of lear ning particularly the cognitive, affective and psychomotor. Each category pertains to different learning specifications that guide the whole planning of educational approach. Cognitive domain talks about the intellectual, concept, principles and theoretical knowledge incorporated in the plan of teaching. Affective domain pertains to the emotional side, affect and mood, attitude and the totality of values that is incorporated in the teaching plan. Lastly, the psychomotor theory, which emphasizes on the physical, developmental and skill enhancement incorporated as well in the teaching approach (McDonald 2002, p.34).These theories are the molding clays of the cognitivism thus, considered as the framework of the said theory. Cognitive theory has its primary attributes that also recognizes the developmental levels of learners and acknowledgements of learner’s motivation and environment (Kozier, 2004 p.449).Other Theories that Influences Educational CurriculumOther than the three f ramework of today’s educational curriculum, there are still contributing theories that needs to be taken into account especially if pertaining about aspect of educational systems. These theories have been formulated recently but have gain influence in the education curriculum already.PerennialismThe emphasis of the theory is more inclined in the philosophical and logical analysis of student’s origin and environmental contributors. The theory is primary based on idealism as well as realism in terms of philosophical perspective. It states that learning is universal and uniform for every individual that desires to learn. Education is regarded as essential truth and a preparation for life. Fundamentals are encouraged more than the complexities of the concepts since; these basics are regarded as the finest knowledge (Segall Wilson, 2004 p.156).ReconstructionismThe theory characteristics talk about its radical disposition and views education as a vehicle for influencing fun damental social change, especially in the realm of socio-political, economic and cultural organization. For Reconstructionists, progressive education is too slow or too â€Å"soft† ever to lead to change in the existing social order. It suggests that major constructive deliberations and even revolutionary actions are needed in order to solve such issue (Gwelle Uys, 2005 p.8).EssentialismThe theory of essentialism focuses more on the intrinsic nature of an individual as well as the classical educational principles. The theory suggests that the educational systems should maintain appropriate mental discipline among the students. Essentialists believe that educational process relies on the teacher itself rather than the student (Lantolf, 2000p.237).ProgressivismThis theory takes into account that education itself is not a means to earn living but rather a lifestyle to live on. It focuses more on the value-principle aspect in terms of education. Learning is achieved as the stude nt becomes interested in the subject matter and the teacher’s role is not to give sole instructions but to propose advice that facilitates learning. Competition is disregarded and educational cooperation is encouraged since, this theory aims to enhance the free expression of ideas, thoughts and personalities of the students in order to enhance and promote learning (Griffin Nasta 2000 p.31).Comparisons Educational TheoriesAs implicated in this study the educational theories still proposes similarities and differences, which is common since these theorists have various perspectives that influence their view in terms of education systems. The similarities as well as differences greatly centers in the focus of educational system. Each theory suggests the main contributor of educational intervention. However, the learning principle and guidelines are almost similar with all the theories. The detailed differences are specifically indicated in the above analysis of these theories.H owever, looking at the broad angles, we can see the similarities that group these theories and the differences that negate the proposed concepts of these educational principles. Behaviorists, humanists and essentialists are mainly student-centered than education systems. They emphasize on the intrinsic and outward response of the individual itself and patterned their theories in the individual’s characteristics as well as output from the stimuli.On the other hand, cognitivism, perennialism, reconstructionalists and progressivism connotes the educational process and the environmental contributing factors that surround the client, such as instructors, educational support systems, etc. They believe that the primary influence in the educational development of the student lies on the external etiologies rather than the internal, where in the latter groups are more favorable.Theoretical FrameworkThe formulation of this theoretical framework takes into account the theories discussed in the above portion of this paper. Such theories are all synthesized based on their important points in order to come up in an enhanced educational principle. As per analysis of various points involved in these theories, we have come up in an educational approach that is applicable for educational curriculum.The focus of behaviorism, particularly the behavior of the person itself, can be utilized to serve as guide in maintaining appropriate teaching methods that are suitable for student needs. The assessment of these behaviors and attitudes can help the instructor understand the needs of these students rather than understanding the needs of system bodies. Guided by the student-centered learning approach by Carl Rogers, we can utilize the principle of education putting the student as the center of focus. The education requirement must be based on the student’s need and not of the institution. Only this way can learning be maximized and achieve. In addition, we have to consid er the wholesome aspect of the student in which, humanism have given emphasis. The individual’s educational needs should not be based on specific areas but rather the wholeness of the individual. We need to take into account the domains of learning provided by the theory, specifically psychomotor, cognitive and affective aspects.Moreover, the planning of the theory needs to consider the educational process itself in order to ensure proper learning is obtained. The cognitive theory emphasizes on the educational processes itself. It needs to coincide in the needs of the client as assessed through various intrinsic factors present in the client as described by behaviorism and essentialists. The formulation of educational approach needs to consider external criteria involve in the student such as, the background, racial culture and attitudes.After the formulation of educational approach, it is necessary to instill the values of education especially the purpose of having this proc ess, as indicated by Progressivism. Upon implementation of this learning approach, we have to consider and aim for the changes that Lewin has implicated. The change in the client signifies the effectiveness of learning. However, if the opposite results are attained, then reassessment and re-evaluation is needed until the target goal of educational approach is achieved.