How slaves were affected Essay

When the African Americans were introduced to slavery, they didn’t accept what was happening to them and how they were being treated, but as time passed working for their masters, not only physical, but mental abuse took its toll and soon they began to believe the way they were living was normal and alright. Punishment played a giant role in slave life. It showed the consequences of not doing what was asked or disobeying their master thus instilling fear in every single slave the owner possessed. Charity Anderson recalls, â€Å"But honey chile, all white folks warn ‘t good to dere slaves, cause I’se seen poe niggas almos’ to’e up by dogs, and whipped unmercifully, when dey did’nt do lack de white folks say.† Mary Reynolds remembers, â€Å"I seed them put the men and women in the stock with they hands screwed down through holes in the board and they feets tied together and they naked behinds to the world. Solomon the [sic] overseer beat them with a big whip and massa look on. The niggers better not stop in the fields when they hear them yellin’. They cut the flesh most to the bones and some they was when they taken them out of stock and put them on the beds, they never got up again.† These two accounts show just what these poor slaves had to deal with. They were constantly watched, and felt that if they just as much as gave a superior a wrong look, they would be beaten, or even worse, killed. Of course slaves saw this as inhuman but had no choice to obey as their masters said. There is much evidence that shows how quick they learned to do as they were told and after a period of time, many slaves accepted the idea of being just that†¦a slave. This transformation started with the servants becoming fearful. Surviving was a game of smarts, hard work, and willpower. In order to live, slaves would allow their masters to beat and punish them without questioning so as not to risk a painful and senseless death. Snitching on other slaves who planned to escape was a good way to show their masters how loyal they were. Many slaves went as far as calling their masters â€Å"nice† and sometimes even boasting about their masters to other servants on different plantations. These small acts helped many stay alive but living oppressed lives affecting their minds and emotions forced themselves to cope with their sadness. Singing was common among slaves to express themselves and their hardships. Frederick Douglass recollects, â€Å"They told a tale of woe which was then altogether beyond my feeble comprehension; they were tones loud, long, and deep; they breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish.† The servants shared their feelings with each other through these hymns and so it made them strong enough to have the willpower to keep living by obeying and doing as they were told. Dogs lived a better life than many slaves, â€Å"We had very bad eatin’. Bread, meat, water. And they fed it to us in a trough, jes’ like the hogs. And ah went in may [sic] shirt till I was 16, nevah had no clothes. And the flo’ in ouah cabin was dirt, and at night we’d jes’ take a blanket and lay down on the flo’. The dog was supe’ior to us; they would take him in the house.† -Richard Toler. The serfs accepted that they lived worse than dogs and at this point, it becomes evident that slaves began accepting the life of slavery. They knew escaping was a bad idea because they would have no shelter, food, or clothes. If they were caught, they would be in the worst kind of trouble so they were forced to keep living the oppressed life. Being beaten and abused had them physically and mentally feeling that they were a lower race. Being intimidated all of the time had a harmful affect and they started to see slavery as acceptable. Their owners didn’t allow them to read or write so living with a roof over their head made them feel privileged. Mr. William McNeill says, â€Å"The escaped slaves were always trailed down by hounds; they never got away, there were always some good slaves to tell on others. I was glad when the slaves gained their freedom, even though we had a large number and lost plenty of money. They made many people rich and got nothing but punishment as a reward. They tell that some of the masters were good but I never did see a good one.† This man is one that didn’t buy into slavery and kept his mind from being brainwashed like many other slaves. He knew deep down that slavery was wrong and kept the truth in his reality. Even after the slaves were â€Å"freed,† life for them wasn’t as great as they hoped it would be and they soon realized that being freed was near as bad as being slaves. Being freed toyed with their minds; just like they became slaves and felt out of place in the beginning, they were put into another  tough position to have to readjust once again. â€Å"An’ after, soon after when we found out that we was free, why then we was, uh, bound out to different people. An’all such people as that. An’ we would run away, an’ wouldn’ stay with them. Why then we’d jus’ go an’ stay anywhere we could. Lay out a night in underwear. We had no home, you know. We was jus’ turned out like a lot of cattle. You know how they turn cattle out in a pasture? Well after freedom, you know, colored people didn’ have nothing. Colored people didn’have no beds when they was slaves. We always slep’ on the floor, pallet here, and a pallet there. Jus’ like, uh, lot of, uh, wild people, we didn’, we didn’ know nothing. Didn’ allow you to look at no book. An’ there was some free-born colored people, why they had a little education, but there was very few of them, where we was. An’ they all had uh, what you call, I might call it now, uh, jail centers, was jus’ the same as we was in jail.† -Fountain Hughes. This man described how, after being freed, he and his family lived the life that nomads lived. They traveled around aimlessly, trying to find any place they could possibly stay. He described themselves like cattle which was an understatement because cattle could at least count on being fed. They could eat the grass of the land but the newly freed slaves would be lucky if they could find a piece of fruit. The freed slaves had no money, no beds like Fountain said, no education, basically they had nothing to call their own. Living free was as if they were living in jail Hughes thought, and many others agreed. â€Å"An’ my father was dead, an’ my mother was living, but she had three, four other little children, an’ she had to put them all to work for to help take care of the others. So we had what you call, worse than dogs has got it now. Dogs has got it now better than we had it when we come along.† -Richard Toler. Families were torn apart when all members had to work in order for the family to be able to buy the essential necessities they needed to live. Toler said dogs have better lives now than the lives of black families after being freed which shows just how much of a mess the south was in. Many white people did not accept this idea of freeing the slaves so this had many colored people feeling insecure and out of place. Some white people would go out of their way to try and hurt the colored people like the KKK did.  Frederick Douglass talks about the idea of trust in â€Å"Getting Help from Others† He said he met an Irishman who felt it was a pity for Douglass to be a slave. He then told Douglass to run away to the north where he would find friends there to help him. â€Å"I pretended not to be interested in what they said and treated them as if I did not understand them; for I feared they might be treacherous. White men have been known to encourage slaves to escape, and then, to get the reward, catch them and return them to their masters.† Douglass had this distrust when he was a slave but these feelings were carried on even after people like Douglass were freed. They felt they could not trust anyone but their own people. This idea is seen in the Tar Baby story as well. The main purpose of this tale was to show black people that they shouldn’t go out of their way to talk to others. It was better to keep their mouths shut and thoughts to themselves because opening up to white folks could only get them into trouble. Since the colored people did not fit in, they kept to themselves which didn’t seem like true freedom. Douglass also said in â€Å"Thoughts of Escape† that he and the slaves â€Å"rather bear those ills we had, than fly to others, that we knew not of.† Once he and every other slave was freed, this is essentially what happened. They had to move and re-adapt to new ‘ills’ and complications which challenged them as slavery had challenged them once before. The whole time being slaves, black people finally started believing that slavery was what they were meant to do and it was alright for them to be treated at a lower level. Setting them free in an unaccepting world with no help or direction forced them once again, to cope with new problems and start a new theory about what it was they were really supposed to be doing or could be doing if it wasn’t working and slaving for the white man.

Parenting Styles Essay

Researchers have studied parenting styles extensively. Many studies have aimed to find a greater connection that shows the impact of each parenting style on the development of the child and how its influence in various aspects of life including self-confidence, self-esteem, academic achievement, and personality. This study used previous empirical research to examine the various impacts of parenting styles on children’s developmental processes. This study begins with a review of the classical studies of Baumrind (1991) and Maccoby (2000). Maccoby used 12 scholarly articles published between 2007 and 2013. Many of the findings in the research support the notion that the authoritative parenting style is the most advantageous in child development. Parenting Styles and their Impact on Child Development Developmental psychologists are interested in comprehending how parents influence their children’s development. However, many of these psychologists have not yet found an actual cause and effect connection between the actions of parents and children’s behaviors. In various cases, researchers have observed that even children who are raised in drastically different environments grew up to have personalities that are very similar to one another. On the other hand, children who share a home and are raised in similar environments often grow up with extremely different personalities from one another. While this counterintuitive phenomenon exists, researchers have uncovered many connections between parenting styles and their effects on children. The effects of parenting styles on children were examined to determine whether parents have a significant impact on their children’s development. It is widely accepted from layman science that children learn many aspects and acquire many of their personality traits from their social lives and the environments in which they are brought up. The question that lingers is exactly how much parents actually influence their children in terms of genetics compared to their development after birth and throughout childhood? Psychologists agree that a child’s learning curve is partially based on the timetable at which development begins and is defined as how fast an infant learns to walk and talk, and progress through other developmental milestones. Society has made it the parents’ responsibility to develop their children according to the standards, morals, and values within each society. This responsibility includes teaching the children how to behave while at home, around friends and family, and while in public. Society expects children to act in a specific way, which may include not pestering their parents, behaving in an appropriate manner in public, and participating in household chores. However, the outcome of a child acting in such a way depends on how the parents have fostered these ideas within the child, which is a determinate to the growth and development of the child’s personality. A child’s development does not only depend on the environment and parenting styles involved. To some extent, predispositions such as genetics are also potential factors that can significantly impact growth and development of the child. This study used the classical works of Baumrind (1991), Maccoby (2000), and Martin as a framework upon which further research concerning this topic can be carried out. A thorough discussion of the work of these researchers provides the opportunity to draw conclusions in which to answer the following question: To what extent does parenting style impact on child development? Materials and Methods This research did not use an experimental study; rather, it is classified as a qualitative analysis in which a review of literature was conducted to draw conclusions on the research topic. Therefore, this study is more of a literature review in which previous works on the impact of parent styles on child development are discussed. For example, this study scrutinizes the works of Maccoby (2000) who obtained data from other studies and analyzed it to her specifications. Maccoby assessed several studies and found that the methods used include observations on child-parent interactions, interview, and reviews of various records of participants. This study used a minimum of 12 scholarly articles been published in the last 5 to 6 years using an empirical research method. This review allowed the researcher to make recommendations, based on recent research, on best practices in assessing the significance of parenting styles on child development. This study used only experimental studies to provide a basis of legitimacy based observed  data. Before recent research is assessed, a background of this topic is established by summarizing the classical works of Baumrind (1991), Maccoby, and Martin. Difference between Parenting Style and Practice Before the works of researchers are discussed, it is important to highlight the difference between parenting styles and parenting practices. According to Spera (2005), it is essential and imperative to comprehend the difference between parenting styles and parenting practices. Spera noted that parenting practices is defined as specific behaviors use to socialize with their children. An example of such socialization is when parents sit down with their children to guide them with their homework or when they set aside a specific time for reading or making school a top priority by attending school events such as parent-teacher conferences. These actions show that parents have a desire for their children to do well in school. On the other hand, parenting style is more of a characterization of the emotional climate that surrounds in the environment in which parents rear their children. According to Baumrind (1991), parenting styles can be characterized over several dimensions in which parental responsiveness and demand is asserted on the child. Baumrind, Maccoby, & Martin: Theories of Parenting Styles and Child Rearing Baumrind (1966) developed a theory on parenting styles that proposed that parents fall into one of three categories of parenting styles, authoritarian, indulgent, or authoritative. Baumrind later expanded this theory and included a fourth parenting style known as negligent. The typologies of Baumrind’s parenting styles were concluded after conducting extensive research using interviews and observations with parents and children. Participants included 32 middle class white families who were observed in a nursery school setting. The methods of naturalistic observation, parent interviews, and other research methods resulted in four important dimensions of parenting, disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication style, and expectations of maturity and control. Baumrind’s (1966) parenting styles included authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent/permissive, and negligent/uninvolved. The proposed parenting styles have different consequences on children regarding competence and development based on social and cognitive traits. Additionally, each style differs in terms of behaviors, standards, and values that parents expect  their children to adopt. Authoritarian Parenting Under the authoritarian parenting style, children are expected to follow a strict set of rules established by the parents. If the child fails to follow these rules, the parents will administer some sort of punishment. Observations suggest that parents who use this parenting style tend to fail when it comes to explaining the reason(s) behind their rules. When parents were asked to explain the reason(s) behind rules, the most common answer was, â€Å"I said so, that’s why.† These parents also tend to have high demands but are not very responsive of their children. According to Baumrind (1966), these parents tend to be obedience- and status-oriented, and they expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation. Authoritative Parenting The authoritative parenting style is similar to authoritarian as parents who operate under this style also have established rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this style differs in that it is more democratic in the sense that authoritative parents respond to their children and are willing to listen to questions that the children might have. For example, if a child were to fail to meet any of the established expectations, these parents would be more nurturing and forgiving, rather than simply administering a punishment. According to Baumrind (1966; 1991), these parents tend to monitor and impart clear standards concerning conduct and behavior. Additionally, these parents are not assertive but may be more intrusive and restrictive. The disciplinary methods of the parents are more supportive as they want their children to be assertive, socially responsible, self-regulated, and cooperative. Indulgent/Permissive Parenting Permissive parents tend to make very few demands on their children. These parents are known to rarely discipline their children because of their low expectations of maturity and self-control. These parents are also more responsive than they are demanding, and they are considered nontraditional and lenient. Parents known to use this style do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and tend to avoid confrontation. These parents are also nurturing and communicative with their children, and they are usually found taking the status of a friend rather than a parent. Negligent/Uninvolved Parenting Negligent or uninvolved parents tend to have very few to no demands, low responsiveness, and very little to no communication. These parents fulfill the basic needs of their children; however, they are very much detached from their children’s lives. Observed in extreme cases of negligent parenting, these parents might even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Baumrind’s (1966) initial study of child development has led other researchers to conduct studies to elaborate on this work. Maccoby (2000) found some impact of these parenting styles on children’s development. Maccoby’s work extended the research on the influence of parenting style and that of the genetic makeup of the child, which she proposed effects behavioral characteristics. Maccoby also proposed that genetics also influences the way in which parents treat their children. Maccoby (2000) used twin and adoption studies to provide a logical basis to estimate the strength of genetic effects. Her study found that heritability estimates for a given trait vary widely. Maccoby argued that basing assumptions on the strength of genetic factors were not enough because they are not sufficient to develop a basis to make such estimations because of additional environmental factors that are involved. If researchers make these assumptions, they will systematically underestimate parenting effects. Maccoby believed and established that children’s genetic predispositions and their parent’s parenting style are interconnected and that they function, which results in the overall effect of a child’s development. According to the studies conducted by Maccoby, each parenting style as the following influences on children: 1. Authoritarian parenting. This parenting style leads children to be very obedient and proficient. However, they will end up ranking lower in the amount of happiness, social competence, and self-esteem. 2. Authoritative parenting. Parents, who raise their children using this style, have children who are happier, capable, and successful individuals. 3. Permissive/Indulgent. Parents with this style of parenting will have children with low amounts of happiness and self-regulation. These children also have significant problems with authority and tend to perform  poorly in school. 4. Negligible/Uninvolved. Parents who use this style of parenting have children who rank the lowest across almost all domains of life. Many of these children demonstrate a lack of self-control, low self-esteem, and are known to be less competent than their peers. Many researchers agree that the authoritative parenting style is the most advantageous of all the parenting styles. When children comprehend and perceive their parents’ requests to be reasonable and fair, they are more likely to conducting themselves according to those requests (Bernstein, 2011). Another reason for the successfulness of this parenting style is that children are more likely to accept the rationale for behavior as their own, which results in a greater amount of self-control (Bernstein, 2011). Recent Studies Many recent studies have been conducted on the effects of parenting styles on the development of children. Such research has focused on the effects parenting styles have on in regards to academic performance and level of education. Hernandez (2013) examined the impact of parenting styles on self-efficacy and level of education among Latinos. The study included 199 participants who ranged in age from 25 to 79. The researcher used a correlational method to configure the effects of parenting. Hernandez found a positive correlation between the level of education of both parents and participants’ levels of education. Rinaldi and Howe (2012) found those mothers’ and fathers’ self-reported parenting styles explained 44% of the variance found among youngsters’ externalizing behaviors. Their study included 59 families with children aged 32 months. Recent studies have also shown that children’s externalizing behaviors are negatively and moderately associated with fathers’ authoritative styles, and positively associated with fathers’ authoritarian styles. Additionally, studies have shown that children’s internalizing behaviors are positively correlation with fathers’ authoritarian style of parenting (Schary, Cardinal, & Loprinizi, 2012a; 2012b, & Loprinizi, Schary, Beets, Leary, & Cardinal, 2013). Recent studies have found connections between parenting styles and child development, specifically, on school achievement. Kordi and Baharudin (2010) reviewed empirical studies on school-related achievements. The researchers found that the authoritative parenting style was highly associated with higher  levels of school achievement. However, Kordi and Baharudin noted that these findings are inconsistent between cultures and across various societies. Cramer (2002) examines the relationship between parenting styles and classroom motivation. The researcher found that mothers’ authoritative parenting was positively correlated with first graders’ mastery of concepts in motivation. Based on this finding, Cramer suggested that authoritative parenting leads to higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Conversely, fathers’ authoritarian parenting was significantly and positively correlated with first and third graders’ motivation and teachers’ perceptions of children’s classroom motivation (Cramer, 2002). Hong (2012) also expanded on Baumrind’s (1966; 1991) parenting styles and their effects on the children’s schooling. She examined the ways in which parenting style impacted child’s behavior and found that the influence yielded predictive effects on children’s academic achievements. Hong (2012) also found a correlation between parenting style and children’s behaviors, which eventually defines their academic achievements. The researcher also found that child’s academic achievement is a result of the mix between parenting style and parenting practices they exert in the child’s environment. Conclusion Although significant research has been conducted to find connections between parenting style and child development, more effort is needed to find an exact cause and effect relationship between these two variables. Through various studies were reviewed here, it seems that the authoritative parenting style produces the most advantageous and positive impacts on a child’s development and academic achievement. Exactly to what extent this parenting style has on children needs further study. To understand the extent of the influence of parenting styles better, the inclusion of parenting practices also need to be considered. Such research can be used to create practices for parents to follow, to aid their children in becoming fully developed adults and influence their development in a positive way. References Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887-907. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. Bernstein, D. A. (2011). Essentials of psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Cramer, K. E. (2002). The influences of parenting style on children’s classroom motivation. Retrieved from http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-0712102-125121/unrestricted /Cramer_thesis.pdf Hernandez, M. (2013). The impact of parenting styles on Latinos’ level of education and self-efficacy. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/1522577.pdf Hong, E. (2012). Impacts of parenting on children’s schooling. Journal of Student Engagement: Education Matters, 2, 36-41. Kordi, A., & Baharudin, R. (2010). Parenting attitude and style and its effect on children’s school achievements. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2, 217-222. Loprinizi, P. D., Schary, D. P., Beets, M. W., Leary, J., & Cardinal, B. J. (2012). Association between hypothesized parental influences and preschool children’s physical activity behavior. American Journal of Health Education, 4, 9-18. doi:10.1080/19325037 .2012.749685 Maccoby, E. E. (2000). Parenting and its effects on children: On reading and misreading behavior genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, p. 1-27. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych .51.1.1 Rinaldi, C. M. & Howe, N. (2012). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and association with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(2), 266-273. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.001 Schary, D. P., Cardinal, B. J. & Loprinizi, P. D. (2012a). Parenting style associated with sedentary behavior in preschool children. Early Child Development and Care, 182(8), 1015-1026. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.678596 Schary, D. P., Cardinal, B. J. & Loprinizi, P. D. (2012b). Parental support exceeds parenting style for promoting active play in preschool children. Early Child Development and Care, 182, 1057-1069. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.685622 Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practice, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17, 125-146. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Response paper - Essay Example During the 1500s, this expansion continued the journey reaching its zenith in 1590 when the empire became truly gigantic and influential. The Ottomans were not only at the height of power at this point in the history of the empire, but they also became very progressive socioeconomically. Using the gunpowder technology, the Ottomans managed to thwart the Safavids establishing their influence on them. This technology helped a lot in facilitating the Ottoman successes and ensuring the empire’s dynamism and expansion. The empire also expanded due to growing influence of the Sultan because many rulers like the one of Algiers voluntarily submitted to Selim clearly intimidated by him. Growing expansion of the Ottoman empire and establishment of authority in different states helped the Ottomans in controlling the trade coming from those areas. This ability to control the trade and interact with a broad range of people from diverse cultural backgrounds helped the Ottoman empire to grow economically and socially. The empire reached its maximum size when benefiting from dynastic issues encountered by the Safavids, the Ottomans â€Å"in a war between 1578 and 1590, captured Safavid territory in the Caucasus and western Iran† (Imber, 2004). Like the Ottoman empire, the Safavids also made the empire economically strong by benefiting from their control on trade. The empire was based in what is modern day Iran. So, the strategic location between East and West promised the Safavid empire a fascinating stronghold on trade. General consensus is that the economic strength of the empire came from its highly strategic and valuable location â€Å"on the trade routes† (BBC, 2009). It was this control on trade between East and West that the Safavids became influential enough to challenge two strong empires, one from East called the Mughal empire and other from West known as the Ottoman empire. It is also agreed that during the period from 1501 to 1722,

Secualrization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Secualrization - Essay Example Whereas secularization believes that no religion would be given privilege by a particular society in any respect (D’Costa, 2005). Secularization does not only mean cultural shifts but it also means development of science as perfectly described by Max Weber that secularization is â€Å"the disenchantment of the world† meaning that it eradicates superstition and replaces it with logic and science (Artigas, 2001). As the time goes by the meaning of secularism in respect of detaching oneself from religion started increasing, especially in the west. The new generation now is least bothered about religious norms and more bothered about the materialistic things in this world. If it is analyzed that which area in the west is getting the most affected it would certainly be the United Kingdom. UK at a point in history was very strict with religion and the church regulations, people who defied it saw death penalties as a punishment (Parsons, 1989). But nowadays religion has gone i n the backdrop of people living in the UK. The main reason of this research is the prevalence of secularism as the concept is making its way into the daily life of the citizens of UK and religion have taken a back seat in their lives. Hypothesis By the introduction, it is clear that the main reason of the dissertation is to verify the trend of following religion in The United Kingdom. Mathematically it could be said that: Ho: Religion is declining in the United Kingdom. Ha: Religious practices are accelerating in the United Kingdom Literature Reviewed Mostly for this dissertation, census of the United Kingdom would be used and primary data would be taken for consideration, processed and then an analysis of the key trends would be presented in this dissertation. The census which would be used in analyzing the dissertation would be dated from year 1850 up to year 2004. The entire census between this timescale would be in view for analyzing the thesis. The censuses which were available to be analyzed were the reports of 1881, 1911 and 2001 which had the relevant data. Methodology It is important in a dissertation that methodology of the research is concrete and clear to the reader so that the analysis which is presented to the reader is to the point and accurate. This dissertation is mainly about checking the reduction or increment ratio in the followers of the religions present in the United Kingdom. Mainly data from the census of 1881 and data of census 2001 would be used in comparison to see that if the followers of the religion in UK have declined or inclined. Also some data from the census of 1911 could be retrieved for use in this research. For this mostly interactive graphical presentation of tables and graphs would be helpful to understand the nature of the advancement or turnover. The quantitative data from these censuses would identify the upheavals from the year 1850 to 1911 till 2001 and tell that how much the human point of view about religion has ch anged and if now having a religion matters or not. As only the available data is of the year 1881, 1911 and 2001 census the limitation is that , there would be huge gap between the statistics of population and changes in the religious and secular sides . This would limit our research to just few census and information about religion given in it. But it does not mean that it would not give us the significant factors that we are looking for,

Social Meaning of Vampires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Meaning of Vampires - Essay Example Eighteenth century can be bestowed with the credit for promoting the vampire phenomena after tons of vampire superstitions flew into Western Europe. However, it was Bram stoker’s vampire novel by the name of Dracula that greatly popularized the modern vampire superstition. When questioned about the image of Vampires or Dracula to be more precise, plentiful of people will be of the opinion that Vampires are nothing but tall, dark and handsome men dressed in a long white or black cape and have blood flowing out of their mouths like a river. Others think that Vampires are young, gorgeous, sensual and young women who seduce people, men mostly, in their beds at night and then succeed to suck their blood. This wide realm of opinions proves the very noticeable fact that the social meaning of vampires and the cultural meaning of vampires significantly fluctuate from one area to the other, one region to the other and one continent to the other. To begin with, in ancient Babylonia, people faithfully believed that there existed a female vampire popularly known as Lilu and Lilu was seen feeding and nourishing the pregnant women and at times the newborn babies in that region. On the other hand, in Slavic regions, the residents of that area believed that vampires took birth due to a collection of reasons and some of those reasons were offensive burial rituals and practices and dying an â€Å"unnatural death. (Vampires: The Origin of the Myth by Adrian Nicholas McGrath) In this increasingly modernizing world, as science and technology advances with every passing second, several cultural interpretations exist revolving around vampires. Various cultures and societies place unique concentration and even more distinctive interpretation to these deadly creatures. However, there exists an overlapping section where one can find some of

Professional Development Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Professional Development Analysis - Assignment Example It may range from designing, manufacturing and testing of mechanical engines, turbines or other devices to their maintenance and overhaul. The choice of professional development pathway is crucial because the choices in this regard are often irreversible. It is a make or break decision which may pave the way of all future successes or may cause irreparable loses. An early and correct decision is therefore of core importance for all engineering student. They have to weigh various aspects of their personal tendencies and professional trends to strike a balance somewhere which can prove fruitful in the long run. As discussed above the variety of mechanical engineering branches and fast pace advancements in the field can make the choice of a professional track quite difficult and it may require extra bit of knowledge and a methodical approach to arrive at a correct decision. Various techniques and methods that I have employed to make it a correct decision include SWOT analysis, Time Mana gement skills, and use of Spider diagram. It is important to understand that all these methods are simply a way to provide a big and clear picture of main objective and how to approach it. 2. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The term was first introduced by Albert Humphrey at Stanford University in 1960s and 1970s. (Marquis, 2009, p. 143). SWOT analysis is the a common tool used in strategic planning, specially it is a preferred professional development planning tool because it takes care of both, the internal and external factors that may affect a strategic plan. Strengths and Weaknesses are personal or internal characteristics that may hamper or assist the final outcome of strategic goal whereas opportunities and threats are the external factors accountable for the success or failure of a strategic plan. In SWOT analysis these factors are analyzed to determine the probability of success for a specific achievement. SWOT analysis can impact the strategic plan for the professional development if personal strengths and weaknesses are analyzed realistically and rationally. The individual has to be honest in assessing his own weakness because a wrong assessment would result in future failure. This might also provide a chance to correct the personal shortcomings and to overcome the weaknesses overlook in past. However, it is important to understand that SWOT is a subjective analysis and everybody has different strengths and weakness moreover, everybody does not come across same opportunities and threats. a) Goal Definition The selection of an ultimate objective as the purpose of strategic plan is the first step in SWOT analysis. This defines the final goal to be achieved using the strengths and opportunities while avoiding the threats and weaknesses. In mechanical engineering defining this final state is a bit difficult due to versatility of the subject and branches it assumes. I have a determined objective of b ecoming an aeronautical engineer, a branch of mechanical engineering deals with designs, simulations, manufacturing and maintenance of flying machines which may include airships and fighter plans. I have planned to do masters in aerospace engineering on completion of graduation and later on a doctorate in the same discipline will further bring me nearer to my professional career. b)

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law - Essay Example The problem in this question relates to offer, unilateral offer, invitation to treat, acceptance, rejection of offer and past consideration. These would be discussed in line with the facts and determination of conclusion of the issues would be made in accordance with that. The important aspect in respect of the question is that of the differentiation between an offer and invitation to treat. This has been drawn by the courts. Invitation to treat is an expression of willingness of one party to go into into negotiations with another party anticipating that a contract would be concluded at the end of such negotiations. Items on shop display and their prices are treated as an invitation to treat (Fisher v Bell). Advertisements are generally treated as invitation to treat (Harris v. Nickerson ). There are certain exceptions to this the reasoning based on intention and certainty. (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a case on unilateral offer.)1. An offer on the other hand has been defined a s an unequivocal willingness by a party known as the offeror to enter into a contract on stated terms and provided that such terms would be accepted by the person to whom the offer is made (offeree) a contract would come into existence. Acceptance has been defined as the unconditional acquiesce to the terms that were laid down by the offeror. The important aspects of acceptance are that it should be unconditional and must be communicated to the. ( Holwell Securities v. Hughes2) . A number of exceptions have developed in respect of communication, one of them being the postal rule, whereby acceptance takes place as soon as a letter is posted. As far as instantaneous means of communication is concerned it can be said that the postal rule in Adams v. Lindsell3 of acceptance is not applicable and thus actual communication of acceptance needs to be done (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v. Astarte Shipping Ltd4). As far as silence constituting to be acceptance is concerned, the courts h ave been consistent in their approach that silence would not constitute as acceptance and acceptance needs to be communicated or can occur by way of conduct. (Felthouse v. Bendley)5 . The advertisement that was placed cannot be classified as a unilateral offer as the facts do not show the requisite certainty and unconditional offer, thus it is evident that the advertisement is an invitation to treat. The discussion with Rose was merely an invitation to treat as there was hope of a contract being concluded and at no point can it be seen that an offer been made, so there can be no acceptance. In line with the discussion with Mary, the offer of Rose was made and communicated to Mary, however, the problem lies in the fact that even though there Mary responded and accepted the offer, it was never communicated to Rose and so in line with authorities on instantaneous communication it can be concluded that acceptance did not take place and so no action can be brought about by Rose. As far a s Matthew is concerned, the problem lies in the fact that it was conditional on the fact that Matthew would receive payment and therefore a conditional offer, or in other words it was not a conclusive offer which could be accepted. Applying the approach of courts in respect of silence and that it would not constitute to be acceptance; the actions of John cannot in any way create a binding contract. Furthermore, there has been no actions or conduct which show acceptance, on the contrary Mary destroyed the cheque which shows her intention of not being bound. The next issue is in respect of consideration, which is that it must generally be given after promise so as to make it enforceable. Thus a promise made after alleged consideration is complete is unenforceable (Re Mcardle)6. Thus past consideration is generally held not to be good consideration. However, the courts in Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long whereby Lord Scarman laid down the three condition which were to be satisfied if the excepti ons were to be relied upon, the first being that the act which was done

Materials Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Materials Engineering - Essay Example Ferrous metals are those metals that contain iron as a considerable constituent in it whilst non ferrous metals are free from iron metal. Ferrous metals are magnetic in nature therefore these are used in different applications that involved the usage of electro magnets. Iron is usually present in diverse ores structure. Therefore the ore is treated to yield iron metal and normally it is done by melting the ore in a blast furnace. Non Ferrous metals include a long list of metals some of these metals are copper, aluminum and lead etc. Copper metal is widely used in electrical wires due to its high conductivity for electric current. Copper is generally really very soft and can be drawn into wire easily. Aluminum is also a metal which is relatively similar to copper in its properties because it is also very soft and malleable just like copper, mainly aluminum is utilized in aluminum sheets and foils. Unlike iron aluminum has a lower melting point of 659 degree centigrade while that of ir on is about 1530 degree centigrade. Aluminum can be easily manipulated through machining, casting, drawing and extrusion. Lead is a special type of heavy metal; it is a bluish-white metal that has insufficient conductivity of electrical charges when evaluated against the majority of other metals. But due to lead’s ductility, malleability and softness it is mixed with other metals to make them ready for machining operations. Polymers are also recognized as macro molecules which are composed of recurring molecular structures. Polymers are based on very long plastic ranges. Polymers cover different mechanical properties that include extensive levels of strength, toughness and hardness. There are mainly three types of polymers, these are thermoplastics, thermosetting and fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs). FRPs are also replacing some metals in various applications for better. Since FRPs are of high strength, durability and furthermore these are flexible and light weighted therefor e the rear and front body of heavy automobiles like buses are contemporarily replaced by these FRPs in place of a metallic sheet. Ceramic is a substance which is manufactured from inorganic and nonmetallic constituents. The constituents are subjected by the application of heat and consequent cooling. Ceramics are extraordinarily hardened, thus types of ceramics are used as manipulative tools for example as in the case of grinding wheels. Ceramics have high melting point therefore ceramics are used in furnace linings and other high temperature applications. Ceramics are high heat absorbers therefore these are also used in storage heaters. Ceramic balls are also manufactured to substitute steel in ball bearings. The higher hardness of ceramics explicates that these are slighter disposed to wear out and can be more durable that steel ball bearings. The distortion phenomenon under load in ceramics is also reasonably small as compare to metals. In greater speed, heat from abrasion during rolling can originate troubles for metal bearings, which can be minimized by ceramics. Ceramics are additionally chemically insolent and can be utilized in wet condition where steel bearings could oxidize. The main shortcomings in ceramics are considerably sophisticated cost and vulnerability to break under shock loads. 1. Test Procedures for Material Properties Material testing procedures are actually governed by American Society for

What Steps Can Be Taken By the Nations of the Sub-Saharan Africa to Case Study

What Steps Can Be Taken By the Nations of the Sub-Saharan Africa to Address the Causes of Poverty - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that political interventions and corruptions in the economic structure are considered to be noteworthy challenges that in turn hinder the development in Sub-Saharan region in Africa. In other words, the economic structure of the region is highly affected by its totalitarianism ideology in lieu of its unequal distribution of wealth and power. It is in this context that proper measures should be taken by the economy to identify the root causes of poverty. With this concern, the economy can intend to reassess its political structure and legislative measures in order to identify the flaws in its regulatory and political measures which can be regarded as the root causes of poverty to persist and increase in the economy. The economy should also take certain initiatives in identifying the flaws relative to social health measures. From an overall point of view, it can be stated that the economy should reconsider its various segments in order to identify the root causes of poverty in the economy. The government of developed nations can certainly play a crucial role in assisting the Sub-Saharan Economy to revitalize its economic structure and thus attain progress. With this concern, the developed economies should come forward to assist the poorest region in the world, not only to guide the Sub-Saharan economy towards development but also to reduce global wealth disparity. The assistance of more capable governments in terms of monetary funding and political as well as social guidance shall certainly prove to be highly advantageous for the economy to develop with the ideology of collectivism.

Childs personality and life Essay Example for Free

Childs personality and life Essay Andy Murray is one of the more extrovert tennis players on the tennis court and is known for his frequent outbursts of passion and his aggressive style of play. In December 2004 he was named the Young Sports Personality of the Year which supports my theory that he is an extravert. Also Andy Murray does not shy from the media he often talks about his game, coaches and even family members such as: After a match against Stepanek, he spoke to the media saying; I was pretty happy with the way I played and you could see that by the celebrations and my mum making an idiot of herself A more introverted person would usually just talk about there performance and there own reaction. Tim Henman Tim Henman is one of the more introvert tennis players on the field he is quite conservative and quiet. His celebration (the trade mark fist clench) supports that he is conservative though he may have an outburst of passion it usually is quirt and short. Tim Henman does get a lot of media attention because he is Englands number one, though he can handle the media spotlight know when his career first started he did not like all the media attention and tried to avoid it. That showed an shy introverted characteristic. A more extroverted person would of liked being centre of attention and looked forward to meeting with the media. Rugby Union The two rugby union players I have chosen to investigate are Martin Johnson and Johnny Wilkinson. Martin Johnson Martin Johnson is one of the well known and accomplished captains of all time. He captained England to the 2003 Six Nations Grand Slam and led club side Leicester Tigers as they won four consecutive Zurich Premiership titles and a European Cup double. He has also toured with the Lions three times. He became the first man in history to captain them twice when he led the Lions on the tour of Australia in 2001, after leading the winning tour of South Africa in 1997. On the pitch he is a player who inspires the best out of his players by leading by example and shouting encouragement and instructions which shows extravert qualities. Off the pitch when Martin Johnson talks to the media he does not like talking about himself which is unusual for an extravert but when talking to the media he always focuses on the collective which shows he is a big team man. In the interview after the winning world cup final he said: It was a huge effort by the entire squad of players, coaches and backroom staff, everybody. Thanks to the fans they were incredible he also said I cant say enough about the team What he said to the media reinforces that he is a big team man. This also shows an extravert characteristic of enjoying doing activities that involve other people Johnny Wilkinson Johnny Wilkinson is an introverted rugby player but the drop goal during extra time that won England the World Cup in 2003 made him the most famous players in international professional rugby. On the field he has a reputation for accurate kicking and fierce tackling; off the field he has a reputation for practicing incessantly and avoiding publicity. This shows two introverted characteristics one of doing things alone (training) two avoiding media attention (publicity) being shy. Are we born with our personalities? The answer is well there isnt one there is only theories weather we are born with a personality. I believe we may be born with a personality disorder (mental disorder) but they are the ones that have been scientifically proven. I believe our personality depends on environmental factors (schools physiology etc) and hugely how our parents interact with us and other people. Children learn from copying others and they copy there parents more than anybody. Parents are gods in the eyes of their children I think that phrase sums up how much a parent affects a Childs personality and life.

TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ANALYSIS

TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ANALYSIS Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right thing Peter F. Drucker A leader is a person who guides others toward a common goal, showing the way by example, and creating an environment in which other team members feel actively involved in the entire process. Leadership remains a very important factor to successful organizations. Ensuring that effective leaders are selected, trained and developed is of significance importance to todays organizations. Three major types of organizational leaderships have been presented throughout the years; transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership. Each type of leadership contains a certain number of attributes which distinguishes it from the others, however many theories converge into the position that each type can be used separately or in conjunction with the others. In transformational leadership the leaders motivate their followers to perform beyond expectations by fostering a climate of trust and by creating and representing an inspiring vision of the future. In charismatic leadership, leaders differ from others by their ability to foster an impression that they and their mission are extraordinary. As such, individuals choose to follow such leaders in management settings not only because of formal authority but out of perceptions of extraordinariness. However in some extent transformational and charismatic leadership are similar and compatible. On the other hand transactional leadership is complementary to the other two types of leadership and is based on an exchange process in which the leader provides rewards in return for the followers effort and performance. In this paper we are going to define what transactional leadership is and then we are going to present the attributed behaviours that transactional leaders have and how these behaviours affect the organizational identification, the organizational commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviours of the followers. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP: All research and studies that have been conducted throughout the years about transactional leadership have accepted the definition given by Bass (1985) that transactional leaders clarify for their followers the followers responsibilities, the expectations the leaders have, the tasks that must be accomplished and the benefits to the self-interests of the followers for compliance. Transactional leaders usually operate within the boundaries of the existing system, emphasize process rather than substance as means of control and are effective in stable and predictable environments. The primary factors of transactional leadership model include contingent reward, management-by-exception and laissez-faire. The leaders, who engage in transactional behaviours, focus mainly on low order construct such as broad performance goals due to the absence of experience which is required in order to focus on higher level organizational visions. In cases when the leaders confront these kinds of situations, they engage in strategic processes so as to find a novel way to encourage their subordinates to work towards that vision. However, in most cases they emphasize on specific goals and performance outcomes such as increase in team productivity and establishment of effective working relationships within the groups. Additionally, transactional leaders expect their followers to have attributes such as commitment to goals, expectancy of goal attainment, expectancy of rewards and need for role clarity. In order to achieve the highest subordinate performance, these leaders use rewards and punishments as tools. For a given performance failure, transactional leaders are likely to make an attribution to lack of goals or lack of expectations of a reward from the side of the follower and therefore they respond with goal setting, instruction and training, work assignment and reward or punishment. Finally, transactional leaders focus on environmental conditions in which they are able to interact with the followers to increase motivation through goal setting, increase action-to-action and outcome-to-outcome expectancies, and influence follower skills and abilities through training. Such conditions may include increasing resources, technology, social support and equipment. However, it is very important to determine whether all the above attributes that transactional leaders possess are adequate enough to affect the followers and increase their performance. EVALUATION OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP: There are two ways for an employee to determine if he/she has been treated fairly in his/her job; distributive justice which is related to the fairness of the outcome an employee receives and procedural justice which is related to the fairness of the procedures used to determine those outcomes. Transactional leaders are more likely to motivate and persuade the employees who are concerned about the fairness of the outcome because their relationship with their leaders is based on the rewards they receive in exchange for their efforts. Since one of the main attributes of the transactional leader is to make rewards contingent on performance and specify the outcomes that the individual can expect in exchange for good performance, job satisfaction will be increased when these conditions will be satisfied. On the other hand in environments where procedural justice is the main way to determine the fairness of treatment to subordinates, the leader-employee relationship is outside the economic contract. In that case interpersonally fair treatment is very crucial. However, as we mentioned earlier transactional leaders are based on the exchange procedures to motivate their employees and less on interpersonal relationships. Therefore, in these cases transactional leadership might have no positive effect on job satisfaction. Additionally, transactional leadership directly affects the organizational commitment of the employees. Despite the fact that emotional attachment is the major characteristic of organizational commitment many subordinates consider organizational commitment an important instrument to obtain rewards and recognition. Therefore, leaders who use economic exchanges to appraise good performance are more likely to increase the commitment of their employees. On the other hand transactional leadership does not affect the relationship of trust between the leader and the subordinates. As we mentioned transactional leaders emphasize on specific goals and performance outcomes by requesting from their employees commitment to goals and expectancy of goal attainment. The feedback that they provide to their subordinates for their performance is either a reward or a punishment. This kind of interaction does not affect the feeling of trust from the side of the employees. This can be enhanced by the fact that transactional leaders focus on low order constructs such as broad performance goals and not on organizational visions which require the trust of the subordinates to successfully achieve these visions. Finally, under certain conditions transactional leadership can play an important role in the organizational identification which affects the effectiveness of the company, increases the organizational citizenship behaviours and reduces turnover. As organizational identification we define the perception of belongingness to an organization, of which the person is a member. Since transactional leaders provide the employees with useful information about their roles in the organization and about what is expected of them in their work, they help them to understand what the organization stands for and what it is like to be a typical member of it. However, the effectiveness of this type of leadership will also depend on the subordinates identity level. In cases where the employees are characterized by individual identities, transactional exchanges such as performance evaluations through rewards and punishments will overemphasize the individual contributions against the organizational goals an d therefore will not increase the organizational identification. Therefore, transactional leadership will only have an effect on employees who think and behave in ways that emphasize collaboration with the others. Additionally, despite the fact that transactional leaders provide clarity, direction and sense of security to their employees they are not able to convince employees who experience feelings of stress and anxiety to establish a strong connection with the organizational collective. This can be explained by the fact that transactional leaders do not use inspiration and mentoring to heighten the followers sense of belongingness. IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE ORGANIZATIONS: According to the previous paragraphs, transactional leadership is the type of leadership in which the leaders emphasize in the clarification of roles and task requirements and provide followers with material or psychological rewards contingent on the fulfilment of contractual obligations. In order for the managers to apply this type of leadership in their organizations first they must discuss with their followers what is required and clarify how these outcomes are to be achieved and the reward they will receive in exchange for their satisfactory effort and performance. This can be done by clearly defining the job descriptions of each employee, and the rules regarding work duties and then by using performance appraisals. Therefore, when the leader assigns work to its employee, it is the responsibility of the employee to see that the assigned task is finished on time. If the assigned task is not completed on time or does not have the optimum result then the manager will have the right to punish his/her employee for the failure. But if they accomplish the task in time then the followers will receive the rewards for successfully completing the task. Furthermore, the managers must provide rewards in cases where the followers exceed the requested expectations. Through this policy the transactional leader can increase the job satisfaction and the expected performance of his/her employees. PERSONAL OPINION: As concerns my view I believe that transactional leadership can be potentially applicable and effective only in certain organizational situations. The conditions which favour the emergence of transactional leadership are characterized by stability. In stable predictable environments, organizations tend to be strictly controlled and formalized. Such organizations favour the elaboration of certain rules and regulations and determine specified performance measurement systems and hierarchical distribution. In these environments transactional leaders can emerge and become effective by emphasizing on specific goals, processes and performance outcomes. However, there are conditions that require a leader with characteristics more than those of the transactional leader. In cases when tasks are not analyzable, standard operating procedures are not helpful, and progress cannot be easily measured, employees are likely to be frustrated and discouraged, and transactional leadership might not be applicable. The only way for a leader to motivate its members under such conditions is to infuse their tasks with an ideological meaning and purpose. Additionally, as mentioned in the previous paragraphs transactional leaders do not focus on organizational visions but they stick on the accomplishment of specific goals. Therefore, in situations where the conditions dynamically change it is likely to be difficult for them to provide a feasible solution. For example in cases of crisis where performance goals cannot be easily specified and where leaders cannot link rewards to individual performance, employees tend to follow the person who has a vision, and novel ideas. In that case the leader must be able to establish relationships of trust and respect with its employees in order to inspire them and convince them that he/she is capable of providing inspiring strategic and organizational goals for the future. As a conclusion I believe that a leader must combine the characteristics of transactional leadership with the characteristics which are applied in the other two types of leadership; charismatic and transformational. Therefore, he/she must be able to recognize the conditions that emerge in each situation and try to implement the right type of leadership in this situation so as to proceed with the optimal solution.

A Change in Hemoglobins Structure Can Disturb Hemoglobin Function Essa

A Change in Hemoglobin's Structure Can Disturb Hemoglobin Function Abstract: The fact that a molecule?s structure determines its function can be seen through the oxygen transporter protein, hemoglobin. Hemoglobin can take two forms, oxy state and deoxy state, and each performs a distinct function for the hemoglobin. In a normal hemoglobin, the oxygen binds to a heme group during the oxy state and releases oxygen during the deoxy state. However, when hemoglobin is mutated like in sickle cell anemia, in which the amino acid glumatic acid is substituted with valine in the sixth position of beta subunit; the hemoglobin will not function correctly in the deoxy state. This will lead the hemoglobin to take a sickle shape that will eventually cause sickle cell anemia. Imagine doing an internship in the emergency department of the hospital, suddenly, a five year old athlete comes to the ER that is having hard time breathing. The results from the tests that were done on the athlete show that he could not become like his idol, Michel Jordan, in basketball because he has sickle cell anemia. During the talk with one of the doctors that you were working with, you discover that sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease that occurs due to the deficiency of the red blood cells. This is caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier protein, in which one amino acid is changed to another. This mutation in the structure of the hemoglobin disturbs the proteins? normal function and eventually leads to sickle cell anemia. Have you wondered how this small change in the structure of hemoglobin can cause sickle cell anemia, and 3 stop the athlete from playing basketball? Well, this is one of the main topics that w... ...6um%3D 1%26hl%3Den>. (3)"blood: hemoglobin tetramer." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopï ¿ ½dia Britannica, Inc. . 27 Jul 2008 . (4) "Porphyrin." The Free Dictionary. Copyright ï ¿ ½ 2008 . Farlex, Inc.. 27 Jul 2008 . (5)DR.JAKUBOWSKI,"CHAPTER5-BINDING."05/16/08.27Jul2008 html>. 6)Voet, Donald. Biochemsitry . 1990. John Wiely , 7, 8) ?How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?." April 11, 2002 . harvard . 27 Jul 2008 . 12 Acknowledgments: I acknowledge Dr. Peck, Mike, Bless and my professors from the chemistry cluster: Dean, Tim, and Tobey for always being there for me whenever I needed their help to spark this project. A Change in Hemoglobin's Structure Can Disturb Hemoglobin Function Essa A Change in Hemoglobin's Structure Can Disturb Hemoglobin Function Abstract: The fact that a molecule?s structure determines its function can be seen through the oxygen transporter protein, hemoglobin. Hemoglobin can take two forms, oxy state and deoxy state, and each performs a distinct function for the hemoglobin. In a normal hemoglobin, the oxygen binds to a heme group during the oxy state and releases oxygen during the deoxy state. However, when hemoglobin is mutated like in sickle cell anemia, in which the amino acid glumatic acid is substituted with valine in the sixth position of beta subunit; the hemoglobin will not function correctly in the deoxy state. This will lead the hemoglobin to take a sickle shape that will eventually cause sickle cell anemia. Imagine doing an internship in the emergency department of the hospital, suddenly, a five year old athlete comes to the ER that is having hard time breathing. The results from the tests that were done on the athlete show that he could not become like his idol, Michel Jordan, in basketball because he has sickle cell anemia. During the talk with one of the doctors that you were working with, you discover that sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease that occurs due to the deficiency of the red blood cells. This is caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier protein, in which one amino acid is changed to another. This mutation in the structure of the hemoglobin disturbs the proteins? normal function and eventually leads to sickle cell anemia. Have you wondered how this small change in the structure of hemoglobin can cause sickle cell anemia, and 3 stop the athlete from playing basketball? Well, this is one of the main topics that w... ...6um%3D 1%26hl%3Den>. (3)"blood: hemoglobin tetramer." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopï ¿ ½dia Britannica, Inc. . 27 Jul 2008 . (4) "Porphyrin." The Free Dictionary. Copyright ï ¿ ½ 2008 . Farlex, Inc.. 27 Jul 2008 . (5)DR.JAKUBOWSKI,"CHAPTER5-BINDING."05/16/08.27Jul2008 html>. 6)Voet, Donald. Biochemsitry . 1990. John Wiely , 7, 8) ?How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?." April 11, 2002 . harvard . 27 Jul 2008 . 12 Acknowledgments: I acknowledge Dr. Peck, Mike, Bless and my professors from the chemistry cluster: Dean, Tim, and Tobey for always being there for me whenever I needed their help to spark this project.

Germans Essay -- essays research papers

By the twentieth century over two million Germans have immigrated to the United States. Regardless of where they settled they came from a multitude of areas and for a variety of reasons. They were a highly diversified group in terms of regional origin, religious and political orientation, education, and socioeconomic standing. There were a multitude of push factors, or issues that caused Germans to want to leave Germany from inside the country. One of those is that during the time of World War One, Germany’s government started having mandatory military service. This meant that any male over the age of 15 would either have to serve in Germany’s military or they would have to leave the country. Many people did not want to serve, and as a result they left. Some other push factors were crop failures, inheritance laws, high rents, high prices, and the effects of the industrial revolution. These things led to widespread poverty and suffering. Also not having religious freedom was an issue. One of the pull factors, or issues that caused Germans to want to leave Germany that originated from outside the country, of the German immigration to New York was the many advertisements in foreign countries promoting cheap land in New York. This was due to an abundance of land for small fees under the Homestead Act. This was an ideal solution for the farmers who lost their jobs. They could migrate to New York and start farming here. Also, industrial jobs important role in the promoting of New...

Essays --

Many things can set apart the different people in the world, but a crucial characteristic that makes the world diverse is a person’s moral ethics and values. Ethics is a defining key that is shared by people all around for it is what people use to make decisions that impact themselves and the people around them. In William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, Shakespeare expresses his own value of all deeds have consequences through the characters Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Malcolm and the plot of the story. It depends on how you refer to the word consequences. Good or bad. â€Å" Nought's had, all's spent, where our desire is got without content; 'Tis safer to be that which we destroy. Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.† (3.2.7-9) This shows that getting what you want doesn’t always bring peace. Lady MacBeth is one of the most alluring female characters in Macbeth. She is evil and witch-like all at the same time. However, during the play we see her in two different ways. When we first meet her in the beginning, she is a brutally violent, power craving witch, and later on she turns into a shameful, suicidal, grieving, woman. Lady Macbeth’s deception plays a big role in Macbeth’s actions because she wished of nothing but the death of King Duncan. The problem was, she was a female and did not have the masculinity to murder someone so she used the next most capable power she had. Deception. She deceived Macbeth into killing Duncan. "Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem'st the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem." (1.7.45-47) She states that if Macbeth does not following through with the deed of murdering Duncan, he would make a coward of himself and would look foolish in his own eyes. After the murder of Duncan, Lady ... ...leader to follow and look to. To express his morals and values throughout the characters and the plot of the play, Shakespeare created a storyline that successfully gave each character a role that shows the turn outs of what would happen if ethical decisions were not made and displayed the way that they were supposed to. In his play Macbeth, Shakespeare is sharing to the audience that through every action you make, there is always a consequence that must be dealt with or a certain outcome that you must live up to. He does this through his characters Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Malcolm. While not all people have the same set of morals as each other, everyone has the power to make the best or worst decisions. The aftermath of those decisions play into the lives of everyone around including their own and can either create great success in someones life or fatal tragedy.

International Business- Failure of Joint Venture as a Result of Culture Essay

1. Joint venture between TCL and Alcatel In 2004, TCL Technology Holdings Limited, a multinational electronics conglomerate from Huizhou, China entered into a mobile phone manufacturing Joint Venture with Alcatel, a global corporation in telecommunication equipments, services and applications from Paris, France, in a bid to foray into the global market. The joint venture company – TCL and Alcatel Mobile Phones Ltd (TAMP) – managed research and development (R&D), sales and distribution of mobile handsets and related products and services (TCL 2011). TCL invested 55 million euros to garner a fifty five percent stake while Alcatel put in 45 million euros along with its mobile handset business for the remaining forty five percent share (China Daily 2004). The two corporations each possessed individual strengths that they believed, when joined in partnership, would establish their stronghold in the competitive mobile phone industry and further their geographical reach in sales. TCL is a distinguished brand that fronts the China market and has a vantage point as a low cost manufacturing base in Asia. Alcatel is a leading player in Europe and Latin America and has operations in more than 130 countries. It could contribute an extensive sales network as well as its high aptitude in R&D (TCL 2011). Alcatel also provided patents to TCL, who did not own its own technology, to enable its entry into markets that have intellectual property (IP) rights requirements (Zhu 2005). TCL at that time had faced a waning domestic market and needed Alcatel to help it expand into newer international markets while Alcatel believed that TCL’s lead in manufacturing would improve its product offering that would better meet the varying needs of its customers worldwide. According to Morgan Stanley, a multinational financial services provider, the joint venture (TAMP) had enormous potential to place seventh to become one of the global leaders in the industry (TCL 2011). TAMP began operations in September 2004. However, only 8 months into the joint venture, by the end of the first quarter of 2005, TAMP had reported a loss of 36 million euro (Li 2011). As a result, TCL bought out Alcatel’s 45 percent share in TAMP to solely take over the venture. The TCL-Alcatel (T&A) collaboration had failed. The transaction took place in the form of an exchange of stocks where Alcatel transferred its TAMP shares to TCL in return for a 5 percent share in the latter’s firm. Because the venture had ended prematurely, Alcatel also paid 20 million  euros in compensation to TCL for the withdrawal of IP rights it had rendered to TAMP (Zhu 2005). After the termination of the joint venture, TCL began to draw profits again in the following year (Li 2011). 2. Problems of the joint venture The failure was attributed to high inherent production costs of managing an international corporation and the underlying financial problems of Alcatel that existed prior to the joint venture that impeded TAMP’s profit goals (Zhu 2005) therefore made it hard to revive the business. Ernst & Young’s (2011) financial reports revealed that Alcatel suffered net operation losses of 400 million euro in 2001 and is a plausible reason why it had been eager to sell its shares to TCL in the first place – to rid the loss making assets (Zhu 2005). But to a large extent, stark cultural differences in working styles between the Chinese and French had a role to play in the lead to its eventual failure. Despite their industrious attempt at internationalizing the business, the Chinese had a perennial lack of understanding of the European culture and were inexperienced in managing international human resource (Monks 2012). This caused friction amongst the employees, who are the building blocks of a company, thus eventually eroded the viability of the collaboration. 3. Culture in IB Culture is an integral part of international business. Every country exhibits a unique set of culture that is distinct from another and has a considerable effect on the way people work and function in their workplace. It is a basis upon which organizations strategize and shape their operations and decisions (Reis, Ferreira and Santos 2011) as well as influence the way they negotiate (Graham, Mintu and Rodgers 1994). Therefore it is critical to learn and understand the cultures of the countries in which you are interested to do business because differences in culture potentially give rise to misunderstandings in the workplace where people have inaccurate perceptions  of each other (Wursten,Lanzer and Fadrhonc 2012), so when managers have awareness of differences, they can alter the way they manage their foreign employees. This is supported by Luo (1999), who found that an understanding of host country culture improved overall business performance. Entering into joint ventures with local firms is an advantageous mode of entry that allows foreign MNCs to acquire local knowledge (Makino and Delios 1996) and this was the strategy taken by TCL in its entrance into France. However, the Chinese firm still faced huge problems of ‘culture conflict’ (Yao and He 2005, p.34). 4. Why it faced difficulties Over the past decade, China had been aggressive in reaching out to the world through its outward foreign direct investment (FDI) policies. Figures from the 2006 Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment show that outward FDI of China increased 18.5 billion from 2002 to 2006 (Ministry of Commerce of China 2007). Declining domestic demand and ailing revenues had been a motivation and the confidence from having many years of international experience from foreign MNCS operating in its country had primed China for its own global advance (Lyles and He 2008). Yet there lay fundamental problems in the execution. 4.1 Cultural Differences between TCL and Alcatel There are distinct differences in working styles of employees in Alcatel and TCL due to the intrinsic cultural differences between these two countries. How will management adapt to it is specific to culture as managers are products of their own culture with its own set of beliefs and values and manners of expression and will go on to organize its people effectively according to this very culture so it follows that what works for a particular culture might not necessarily work for another (Wursten 2008). Some friction was observed in the interaction between TCL and Alcatel employees and cooperation between the two managements due to personal perceptions of each other. In an interview conducted by Li Jing (2011), associate professor at Simon Fraser University, for the vice presidents of TCL – Well Lu (TCL) and Laurent Labbe (Alcatel) -, the issue of cultural differences between the two firms was discussed. 4.1.1 Conservatives v Risk Takers The French adopts a more conservative approach when it comes to decision-making. Conservatism is associated with the uncertainty-avoidance (UAI) dimension ( Doupnik and Riccio 2006) and France has one of the highest UAI index at 86 indicating that they are not comfortable with ambiguous situations and will take measures to avoid them (Hofstede 2001). They ‘think a lot before doing something’ (Li 2011, p.3), because in their country, mistakes are unacceptable (Bowie 2008). As a result, Frenchmen are averse to risk (Bowie 2008). Out of 500 employees from Alcatel, only 70 remained in the joint venture company because the perception is that there will be no job security and they cannot afford taking this risk (Li 2011). High turnover rates lower the productivity of a business (BizFilings 2012). Conversely the Chinese are more willing to take risks. This is reflected in their low UAI score of 30. They accept ambiguity, are adaptive to change and make decisions based on a pragmatic approach (Hofstede 2001). However a point to note is that, although China is generally open to risk taking, it tends to embark on lengthy considerations that can notably delay decision-making (RSM International 2010). This would test the patience of its French counterpart and frustrate the relationship. This divergence in attitude and multi-faceted culture causes a struggle in reaching decisions when both parties are set in their own ways about an approach. 4.1.2 Individualists v Collectivists Alcatel’s is a predominantly individualist culture where work relationship is upon the basis of a contract, which underlines the concept of professionalism and have marked definition of an employee’s job responsibilities (Li 2011). TCL, in contrast, is primarily a collectivist culture where people work in the interests of the group (Hofstede 2001). This is reflected in its corporate culture where it wants its employees to feel belonging to the company, to treat it like home (Li 2011). But during the joint venture, as the company grows at an accelerated pace, the nature of the jobs became vague and necessitated a TCL working style. The French are a high-minded group so competition typically prevail teamwork (Kenna and Lacy 1994) at the work place which meant many Alcatel employees were removed from their comfort zone. 4.1.3 Varying degree of acceptance of power Moreover, as France is also an uncertainty avoidance society, there was further disorientation when there was no clear example from top management how they were supposed to work (Li 2011). France and China are both large power distance societies but employ different types of power (Zheng 2010). The French are more accustomed to legitimate power, which is the power that imposes a sense of responsibility or obligation on them (Zheng 2010) and value strong leadership and tight controls (Bowie 2008). But this was not the approach used by the TCL as it tended to be more abrasive and did not agree with a very important aspect of Chinese culture – Harmony. Chinese people manage work relationships with harmony in mind and also the concept of giving everyone ‘face’ (Zheng 2010) so the difference in styles puts the French in discomfiture, and the Chinese in confusion as to why the French was being less than efficient therefore affecting the company’s productivity that would affect the bottom line of the business. 4.1.4 ‘Lazy’ v Driven Individuals Lu admits that he ‘used to subscribe to the stereotype that Frenchmen are lazy’ and ‘are more relaxed’ when it comes to work attitudes (Li 2011, p.3). Laziness is perceived as a negative characteristic and might draw disapproval from other co-workers. However it must be understood that the  French are not really ‘lazy’ but are Polychronic people (Hall 2000). Polychronic people are described in Hall’s cultural theory to have a tendency not to keep a tight structure on their time and work at their own pace, also preferring not to make elaborate plans so (Suntsova 2009) therefore giving the impression of being lazy. The Chinese are, like the French, Polychronic (Hall 2000). But to a large degree they are also a masculine society, according to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (2001), with a high score of 66. In masculine societies, people are motivated to be the best they can be, where great emphasis is placed on achievement and success. Labbe (Li 2011) had described the Chinese as workers with tremendous drive and ambition. On the other hand France is a more feminine society scoring 43, which implies that they are more concerned about the quality of life. For example, France has a liberal welfare system in place that entails short 35 hour work weeks. Labbe (Li 2011, p.3) agrees that the Frenchmen are ‘satisfied with just working for a base salary’. Thus TCL (Chinese) employees who are more masculine, will be disposed to think that their Alcatel colleagues (French), who are feminine and polychronic, are lazy and unmotivated workers, which is a careless observation, because eventually the work is accomplished, only the work is done in a different manner. This misconception leads to resentment amongst employees. 4.2 Lack of international management experience To add to the problem, TCL, like many Chinese firms lack real experience in managing an international business. MNCs’ operating in external markets face liability of foreignness (LOF) where they are at a disadvantage to local firms due to unfamiliarity of host country conditions (Hymer 1976). They have to overcome the liabilities by forging competitive advantages against local firms or fine-tune managerial learning about host markets to reduce LOF while local firms do not have to make as much adjustments in comparison (Petersen and Pedersen 2002). Therefore while many years of having foreign MNCs in China allowed these MNCS to accrue experience from their overseas ventures, the Chinese firms, who although to a large measure were part of the internationalization process, were only at the receiving  end and had not really garnered real managerial experience in operating internationally. When it was down to the actual initiation into international markets such as the US and in this case Europe France, China was confronted by its own set of LOF and was unable to reconcile the divergent national and corporate cultures (Thomsen and Nicolas 2008) between the two countries so it faced difficulties in managing its French employees in TAMP. 5. Solution The general idea one gets from reading related literature about culture in international business is that, differences in culture is a source of misunderstandings and miscommunication that will invariably present itself as a threat to the productivity of business. And the solution would be to understand these differences in culture, to have knowledge of them, so that we can reduce some of these problems (Pilhofer 2011). While it is very useful for us to gain cultural understanding, conventional literature conveys a negative notion in relation to it. It seems to be implying an obligation and necessity to learn about culture to avoid failing the business. Essentially there is nothing fundamentally wrong with this notion but this would only lead to people withdrawing from interaction with other cultures altogether if they fear failure and negative situations (Pilhofer 2011). If I were in charge of the joint venture, I would ensure that the employees gain an appreciation and respect for culture. They need to view cultural learning positively, see it as learning how different others’ cultures are from theirs and use it to adapt accordingly so as to achieve the business objectives (Ferraro 2009). Learn that negative situations such as misunderstandings are inevitable, but even those can be regarded positively in terms of a new experience (Pilhofer 2011). It is not as much the knowledge than what you do with it. To achieve this, management must first introduce this idea of openness to its employees to gradually overcome their innate ethnocentrism (Ferraro 2009). With inculcation and education, over time I believe it will form part of the company’s corporate culture. When work is done in a more positive and respectful atmosphere, performance can be more productive (Ferraro 2009), than in a stressful environment. Going forward, TCL needs to gain more experience in managing people internationally by undertaking more international endeavors. However they cannot enter heedlessly and will need to study the new markets and their cultures and create a plan. Some difficulties would still be faced but they could learn from it. 6. Conclusion The joint venture between Alcatel and TCL failed chiefly due to its existing financial situation. However for the most part, the friction experienced by employees from both companies because of 1. lack of understanding of cultural disparities in work styles and 2. inadequate international experience of TCL’s management had undermined the potential effectiveness of the joint venture, inevitably leading to its failure. Culture is a very elemental factor in International Business today. Business partners face challenges in working with people from other cultures. If there is no knowledge and understanding, firms would not be able to make adjustments accordingly to best achieve their business goals. But cultural knowledge should be learned with a positive motivation rather than attaching negative consequences to it. People need to gain an appreciation and respect for other cultures to be able to work in them effectively. Word count: 2640

Comparing to Gospels: Mark & John

Claudia Corbetta April 5, 2013 THE-307 The Bible is a collection of texts considered sacred in Christianity. Separated in many sections, the Bible includes four gospels by four different authors that tell stories, miracles, parables, teaching and stories telling the world on Jesus’ life. The gospels are named after the four apostils Mark, Matthew, Luke and John. Each gospel has similarities and differences in many aspects, but they all have a common end: they all tell the story of Jesus of Nazareth.The Gospel of Mark is directed towards gentile Christians, because he has to explain Semitic terms that Christians might not understand. It shows that the author is unfamiliar with the geography and is unfamiliar with Jewish customs. This gospel is also the earliest one written and narrates the Ministry of Jesus, including the baptism all the way to Jesus’ death and resurrection. Mark doesn’t have any information about his life before the baptism or his genealogy, it s imply says that he â€Å"came out of Galilee†, similar to Johns gospel that mentions he is of Galilean origin.Throughout Mark’s gospel, Jesus is named the â€Å"Son of Man† (MK 2:28). Referring him as and agent of God that will wipe out all evil and Israel will be in power. There are two types of gospels written. There is the high Christology and the low Christology or also named Christology from above and below. Between Marks gospel and Johns gospel they are both written in two types of ways. Mark’s gospel is considered to be a synoptic gospel with a low Christology. This means that the gospel writers begin with the earthly Jesus where his divinity is revealed.The gospel shows has examples of Jesus being human and shows emotions that he might feel and mistakes that he might make. An example of this is when Jesus is healing the blind, his humanity is shown here because he tries twice to heal the blind instead of being able to heal him twice (MK 8:22-26). It also means that the life of Jesus of Nazareth is described more through the gospel for example the beginning when the unknown author speaks about the baptism, a human trait that Jesus has; â€Å"In those days Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee and was baptized by the Jordan in John.As soon he came out of the water, he saw the heavens being open and the Spirit descending to him like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: You are My beloved son, I take delight in you. † (MK 1:9-11). John’s gospel on the other hand is more of a high Christology. A high Christology or a Christology from above starts with the heavenly Christ who descends to Earth and is dwelling among us â€Å"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God, and through him were all things made. † (JN1: 1-3).This means that God is everything, and that there was never a time that he existed. He was the beginning and because of him eve rything was created. Also saying the beginning of the world began with him. In this example, the gospel doesn’t begin with the baptism as mentioned before; it begins with the creation of God onto the world. Also, a Christology from above shows more of the divinity of Jesus rather than the humanity of Jesus. Throughout Marks gospel, Jesus of Nazareth is described as a great teacher and emphasizes the suffering messiah because his community is suffering.Jesus is also a popular teacher but they are afraid of his power. An example of this is MK 6:1-6, where he is teaching all of his people but they are doubting him and wondering where he got all this information from, but at the same time when he heals the people â€Å"marveled because of their disbelief†. The feeding of the five thousand appears in both John’s gospel and Mark’s gospel (JN 6:1-14, MK 6:30-44). The fact that this story is in both gospels shows that Mark’s gospel has miracles as well as John’s and that in both gospels there is a theme of compassion towards the people.When the story is told in Mark, it is mentioned that the miracles was done by Jesus’ compassion for the crowd and concern that they might faint without food returning home (MK 6:34-44). The story shows Jesus ‘supernaturally’ providing for his followers. In John, he says that this is the work of God (MK 6:29). The ending of both Mark and John’s gospel are different. In Marks Gospel there are two endings MK: 16:1-8 and MK 16:9-20. The first ending shows an empty tomb and the divine messengers while the second ending is a longer ending and the people that saw the empty tomb leave and don’t say anything.John’s gospels ending is different in JN 30:30-31; â€Å"And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not written in this book: But these are written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing ye might have life through his name. † As mentioned before, because Johns gospel is a Christology from above, there are no feelings shown especially at the end, it shows more the Divinity of Jesus of Nazareth. As you may notice, even though there are four gospels in the New Testament, there are differences and similarities in all of them.Not only their authors but the way it was written, the literary devices and the stories that were told. However, if you put both John and Mark together, even though they were written at different times, there is still the completion of the story of Jesus of Nazareth, and if you put all four of them together, the story is more complete than only having two of the gospels. Many might nor fully believe them because there might be some discrepancies between them, but as mentioned before they all have a common end: they all tell the story of Jesus of Nazareth.

Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies Essay

Carrefour Company Introduction                   The modern business world has changed and organizations have embraced new technologies for them to achieve effectiveness, efficiency and competitiveness. One of the most important technology for business prosperity is Information Technology commonly known as IT. Information is an important and integral part of any organization that determines whether a firm will make sound decisions or not. Carrefour Company is one of the well-known worldwide companies that has embraced Information technology in its business processes and this has played a majorin earning a competitive edge. Carrefour IT and Business Processes                   The company runs convenience stores, supermarkets, cash and carry supplies, hyper-cash store and hypermarkets. Carrefour also engages in non-food and food e-commerce websites and it functions as multi-location, multi-channel, and multi-location trader with its initial origin in Europe. Its products range from electronics, leisure, ornamental products, clothing items and non- food products(Koller, 2011). Carrefour contacts a large amount of its business on an online platform using its portals, ooshop.fr and Carrefour.fr. This calls for a good understanding of Information Technology for the firm to succeed and earn competitive advantage in the industry. Carrefour Company integrates Information Technology in its various business processes. Some of the ways are in communication, inventory management, data management, management information systems, security, business culture, research capacity and customer relationship management.                   Being a multi-factor company, Carrefour requires a well-structured communication channel to enable transactions and business communication to happen smoothly. The company has adapted new information technology by setting up a wide variety of communication platforms to reach the maximum number of clients and potential customers globally. Examples of the platforms used include the official company’s website, email support systems for both clients and employees, phone directories and social network accounts.                   Inventory management at Carrefour has also boosted their performance due to advanced information technology. The inventory systems gather all the information of each items stored and keep track of the quality and quantities. This enables the company to minimize on inventory costs such as carrying costs and also minimize wastages especially for the food products with low shelf life.                   Information technology has also improved data management practices at the company. Employees do not to keep large file of documents, they save everything through data systems. The systems are also able to record information which is important for business decisions and this automated systems also reduce malpractices among the employees.                   Customers are the most important stakeholders to any business organization and, therefore, the need to maintain a good relationship with them. Carrefour has achieved this aspect through customer management systems (CRM) which enhances communication with the clients. The company is able to respond immediately to customers’ concerns and the information is stored for future reference if the same client makes another call. This improves customer experience and increased customer loyalty to Carrefour products. Technologies Used at Carrefour Company                   Carrefour Company mainly employs four technologies to manage its information. These systems are Transaction Process Systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS), Enterprise Information Systems, and Decision Support Systems (DSS). Transaction Process Systems monitors and records all the transactions in the organization. The system mainly is responsible for recovery of data during system failures, stabilize the data, and it also integrates and connects other systems.                   MIS on the hand, does systematic study and analysis of available data to enhance decision-making. Carrefour joint forces with a company called PeopleSoft which is in charge of their global operations by offering platforms such as Customer Relations Management(Farrel, 2013). Management Information Systems enable the company to heighten their operations by frequently updating processes, procedures, and stored data.                   DSS is a unique technology that promotes sound decision-making processes at different levels of the company’s hierarchy. Its main advantage is the ability to break down large volume of data and evaluate them for decision-making. The system retrieves the ideal information from the stored volumes of data and it can work both as an online or a batch process.                   EIS is important information tool mainly for the management of Carrefour Company. It makes summaries of the transactions and turns raw data into information which is applied internally. The management team at Carrefour use EIS to get summarized information from complex graphs and in the process speed up decision-making process(Koller, 2011). Company’s Success with IT adaption                   90% of the company’s success is attributed to its use and early adoption of Information Technology into its business activities. The technology has improved customer relations, business process, employee relations, and product development. These are the main activities of any organization and therefore making Information Technology a major player to the success Carrefour Company is enjoying today.                   Information Technology has helped Carrefour to minimize most of the cost associated with conducting business. It has enabled the organization reduce on the space required to store information through the use of computers. It has also enhance inventory management and reduced wastages and carrying costs(Koller, 2011). Due to customer relation systems, the company is able to make more tailor products and services according to the clients’ tastes and preferences. This has led more product differentiation. References Farrel, J. (2013). The Economics of Information Technology: An Introduction (Raffaele Mattioli Lectures). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Koller, T. (2011). Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies (Carrefour Case). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Source document